lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lzIffzf:q ;+sfo, s]lGb|o ljefu
:gftsf]Q/ tx, t];|f] ;q -@)&@_
;dsflng z}lIfs d'2fx? -%#!_
o; cGtu{t xfd|f] sIffsf ljleGg !# j6f ;d"xn] tof/ kf/]sf
;dsflng d'2f cGtu{tsf zLif{sx? ;dflji6 5g\ .
;+sng u/L tof/ ug]{ M
!=efiff
!_ kl/roM Effiff ljrf/ ljlgdosf] dfWod xf] . efiffdf cGtlqm{of , ;Dk|]if0f /
af]wuDotfsf] clgjfo{tf x'G5 . efiff ;fdflhs j:t'''''' ePsfn] ;d'bfodf JolQmsf]
ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df ;ls|o e''ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 . efiff zAb ;+:s[t
efiffsf] …efif\Ú wft'df …cfÚ k|Too nfu]/ efiff zAbsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
cª\u|]hL zAbsf] Nofª\j]hsf] g]kfnL ?kfGt/0f efiff xf] . efiffsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg
efiffljb\n] kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\ . h;nfO{ lgDg ?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .
@_ kl/efiff
s_ pRrf/0f cjojåf/f pRrl/t dfgjLo cleJolQm g} efiff xf] . –kt~hnL
v_ pRrl/t Wjlgx?åf/f ul/g] ljrf/sf] k|:tlt g} efiff xf] . – x]g/L :jL6\;
u_ efiff pRrf/0f cjojåf/f pRrl/t ofb[lR5s Wjlg k|ltsx?sf] Tof] Joj:yf xf] h;sf dfWodn]
dflg;n] Ps cfk;df ljrf/x?sf] cfbfg k|bfg ub{5g\ . –ef]nfgfy
ltjf/L
efiffnfO{ ;fª\s]lts, :kz{, cfjfhsf] ?kdf lnOP klg efiff
lj1fgsf cg';f/ efiff eGgfn] dfgj pRrf/0f cjojåf/f
pRrl/t ;fy{s Wjlgsf dfWodaf6 ljrf/ ljlgdo x'g dfq efiff xf] . efiff dflg;sf
pRrf/0f cª\uaf6 lg:sg] Wjlg, zAb, kbfjnL, jfSo h:tf jfSk|tLsx?sf] Joj:yf klg
efiff xf] .
o;/L pNn]lvt
kl/efiff ;d]tsf cfwf/df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] “ efiff dflg;sf pRrf/0f cjojåf/f pRrl/t ofb[lR5s Wjlgk|tLsx?sf]
To:tf] ;+/rgfTds Joj:yf xf], h;sf] dfWdaf6 dflg;x?n] Ps cfk;df ljrf/ ljlgdo
ub{5g\ .
#_ efiffsf] dxTj M g]kfnL
efiff g]kfnsf clwsf+z dflg;x?n] af]Ng] / a'''eg]
efiff ePsfn] o; efiffsf dfWodaf6 g]kfnLx?lar Pstf, eft[Tj / efOrf/fsf] ;DaGw
sfod ug]{ ePsfn] xfd|f] h:tf] ax'efifL b]zdf o;sf] dxTj w]/} /x]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/
M
s_ /fi6«efiff / ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ?kdf g]kfnL efiff
v_ ;femf ;Dks{ efiffsf ?kdf g]kfnL efiff
u_ g]kfnL efiff k7gkf7gsf] dfWod efiff
3_ ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|efjzfnL dfWod efiff
ª_ k|sfzg dfWodsf ?kdf g]kfnL efiff
r_ sYo Pj+ n]Vo k/Dk/f xg'
5_ n]Vo efiffdf :t/Ls/0f / dfgsLs/0f xg'
$_ g]kfndf efiff ;DaGwL k|of;
$= g]kfnL efiff ;d'Gjosf nflu ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf 5g\, h'g
lgDg 5g\
s_ g]kfnL efiffn] ljljw e'ldsf k|fKt ug{
v_ Jofs/0fsf] k|sfzg x'g
u_ zAbsf]zsf] k|sfzg x'g
3_ kqklqsfx? k|sfzg x'g
ª_ efiff ;'wf/sf cfGbf]ng x'g
r_ ljljw ;+:yfut / JolQmut k|of;
%= g]kfnsf ;+ljwfgdf efiff ;DaGwL Joj:yf M efiffnfO{ ljsf; ug]{ s|ddf g]kfndf ePsf 5 j6f ;+ljwfg hf/L
eP tfklg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% b]lv g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
s_ g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% sf] kl/R5]b @ sf] wf/f &) df /fi6«efiff zLif{s
cGtu{t “ b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff x'g]5 .” eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
o;/L ;+j}wflgs ?kdf @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;j{k|yd
/fi6«efiffsf] dfGotf lbPsf] xf] .
v_ g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg @)!( sf] efu ! wf/f $ df “ g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff xf] .” eGg] :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
u_ g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] efu ^ df lgDglnlvt Joj:yf lyof] .
c_ wf/f ^–
/fi6«efiff
–
b]jgfu/L lnlkdf
g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff xf] . g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5
.
–
g]kfnsf ljleGg e""efudf
dft[efiffsf ?kdf af]lng] ;a} efiffx?
g]kfnsf /fli6«o efiff x'g\ .
o;/L pQm ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiffsf ?kdf g]kfnL
efiffnfO{ dfGotf lbg'sf ;fy} ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff eg]/ ls6fgL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5
.
cf_ wf/f ( sf] pkwf/f $ -s_ df
ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|flKt ug]{ cfwf/dWo] g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff af]Ng /
n]Vg hfg]sf] x'gkg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] lyof] .
O_ wf/f !* sf] ;+:s[lt tyf lzIff
;DaGwL xssf] pkwf/f !df g]kfn clw/fHodf a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s ;dbfonfO{ cfˆgf]
efiff lnlk / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] eg]
pkwf/f @ df k|To]s ;d'bfon] afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds tx;Dd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf
lzIff lbg] u/L ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .
O{_ wf/f @^ sf] pkwf/f @ df
efiff ;+:s[lt / lnlknfO{ klg /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ug{ gLltsf] cfwf/df lnPsf] 5 .
^_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
df efiff ;DaGwL lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf 5g\
s_ wf/f % df /fi6«efiff
pkwf/f -!_ M g]kfndf af]lng] ;a}
dft[efiffx? /fi6«efiff x''g\ .
pkwf/f -@_ M b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL
efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 .
pkwf/f
-#_ M pkwf/f @ df h''g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP klg :yfgLo lgsfo tyf sfof{nodf
dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ s'g} afwf k''of{Psf] dflgg] 5}g\ . To;/L k|of]u ul/Psf]
efiffnfO{ /fHon] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffdf ?kfGt/0f u/L clen]v /flvg]5.
v_ lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xsdf efiff
;DaGwL Joj:yf M
pkwf/f -!_ M k|To]s ;'dbfonfO{ sfg'gdf
Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
pkwf/f -#_ M g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ k||To]s
;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f
ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
&_ /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* df
efiff ;DaGwL Joj:yf M o; hgu0fgf
b]zleq a;f]af; ug]{ JolQmx?n] af]Ng] dft[efifLsf] ;+Vof !@# j6f /x]sf] 5 .
ljutsf] hgu0fgfdf (@ j6f dft[efifLsf] ;+Vof k|fKt lyof] . @)%* sf] hgu0fgfdf
$*=^ k|ltzt g]kfnL dft[efifL ePsf]df @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ 36]/ $$=^ k|ltzt
b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf ePsf !@# j6} efiffnfO{
/fi6«efiff egL JofVof u/]sf] 5 . h;df @@ j6f dft[efiffsf] kf7\os|d lgdf{0f eO{
k7g kf7g ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} uf]/vf kq k|sfzgn] !& j6f dft[efiffdf ;dfrf/,
n]v k|sfzg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* df g]kfndf af]lng] d'Vo !)
dft[efiff lgDg /x]sf 5g\ .
!_
g]kfnL M $$=^ k|ltzt
@_ d}+lynL M !!=^
k|ltzt
#_ ef]hk''/L M ^=)
k|ltzt
$_ yf? M %=* k|ltzt
%_ tfdfª M%=! k|ltzt
^_ g]jf/ M #=@
k|ltzt
&_ al~hsf M #=)
k|ltzt
*_ du/ M #=) k|ltzt
(_ 8f]6]nL M #=)
k|ltzt
!)_ pb'{ M @=^
k|ltzt
*_ ;a}sf nflu lzIffdf efiff ;DaGwL Joj:yf M Dfft[efiffdf cflbjf;L tyf eflifs cNk;+VosnfO{ cfwf/e"t
tyf k|fylds lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 . o; cg';f/ efiffnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;a}sf nflu lzIffn] lgDg /0fgLltx? clVtof/ u/]sf]
5 .
c_
dft[efiffnfO{ ljifo tyf cWoofkg dfWodsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{
cf_
låeflifs lzIff
O_
lzIfssf] lgo'lQm, tflnd tyf kb:yfkgf
O{_
vt/fdf k/]sf efiff / ;+:s[ltsf lglDt ljz]if sfo{s|d
o;/L efiff ;DaGwL ;+ljwfgdf , /fli6«o hgu0fgf / ;a}sf nflu
lzIff sfo{s|ddf dft[efiffnfO{ k|fylds[t ub}{ lzIff lbg' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf]
5 . dft[efiffnfO{ pQm s'/fn] hf]8 lbP klg efiff ;DaGwL d'2fx? /x]sf 5g\ . h; cg';f/
lgDg d2f 5g\ .
– efiffnfO{ dfWodsf] ?kdf lng]sL ljifosf] ?kdf <
– efiff cj;/ xf] ls vf]hL xf] <
– lzIffsf] dfWod dft[efiff ls /fi6«efiff <
– ;a} dft[efiffdf lzIff ls ;Dks{ efiffdf lzIff <
– Ps efiffdf lzIff ls ax''efiffdf lzIff <
– Effiff cfh{g ls k|flKt <
– ;femf ;Dks{ efiffsf] ?kdf g]kfnL efiffnfO{ dfq lsg <
– ;femf efiffdf /x]sf] g]kfnL efiffn] ;a} dft[efiffnfO{
;d]6]sf] 5 <
– ax'efiffdf lzIf0f ug{ ;Dej 5 <
– g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffdf lzIf0f ;Dej 5 <
@= ;dflxt lzIff (INCLUSION
EDUCATION )
!_ kl/roM—lzIff / z}lIfs If]qnfO{
k|efjsf/L,Jojl:yt / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg ljut b]lv jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljleGg
cjwf/0ffx?sf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOg5 . o;/L ljsf; ePsf] cawf/0ff;Fu} cjwf/0ffsf]
;afndf hlGdPsf] ljleGg l6sf l6Kk0fLx?nfO{ g} jt{dfg lzIffsf] d'2fx? elgG5 .
lzIffdf ;dflxt eGgfn] leGg leGg k[i7e"ld Ifdtf / k|s[ltsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{
pgLx?s} k[i7e"ld Ifdtf / k|s[lt
cg';f/ Pp6} sIffsf]7fdf /fv]/ lzIf0f ug'{ g} ;dflxt lzIff xf] . g]kfnL kl/j]zdf
k|of]u ePsf zJbx? h:t} ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;dflxtLs/0f, ;+j]tLs/0f h:tf zJbx?sf] cª\u|]hL
kof{ojfrL zJb Inclusion xf] . cª\u|]hL
efiffdf Inclusion jf Inclusive h:tf zJb !& cf}F ztfJbLdf Nofl6g
efiffsf] Includere eGg] zJbaf6
cfPsf] kfOG5 . Nofl6g efiffdf Includere sf] cy{ leq aGb eGg] ?kdf nufOGYof] . ;dflxt lzIffsf]
cjwf/0ff cGtu{t;dtf / ;dfgtfsf] cawf/0ff klg ;Fu} hf]l8P/ cfpF5 . ;dfgtf eGgfn]
;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps} k|sf/sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{' xf] eg] ;dtf eGgfn] pgLx?sf]
ljljwtfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{' xf] . xfd|f] o; Theorytical
and Police review in Inclusion df ;dflxt lzIffsf] cjwf/0f ljz]iftf / o;sf nlIft
;d"xx?sf ;fy} o;sf ;Dagwdf ePsf ljut b]lv jt{dfg ;do;Dd ePsf / /fHosf gLltx? k|of;x? pNn]v ug{ vf]lhPsf[]
5 .
@_ p2]Zo ( Objectives of the view )
§
;/sf/n] ;dflxt lzIffsf] af/]df ljutb]lv jt{dfg ;Dd s] s:tf
gLlt tyfsfo{qmdx?sf] vf]hL ug'{ ,
§ ;dflxt lzIffsf]
;DaGwdf jt{dfgdf p7]sf d'2fx? vf]hL u/L ;dfwfg ug'{ ,
#= cjwf/0ff ( Concept ):–cª\u]|hL efiffsf] Inclusive zAbsf] g]kfnL ?kfGt/0f ;dflxt jf
;dfa]zL eGg] x'G5 . ;dflxt zAbn] Pp6} ;d"x jf ;+/rgf leq ;lDdlnt ePsf]
cj:yf eGg] a'emfpF5 . b'a}sf] cy{ Ps} ePklg ;fwf/0f af]nrfndf ;dflxt zAb
lzIffdf / ;dfa]zL zAb /fhgLltdf tyf ;dflhs If]qdf a9L k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
lzIffsf] If]qdf ;dfa]zL lzIff eGgfn] ljleGg cj:yfdf hLjg latfO/x]sf afnaflnsfx?
h:t} M zf/Ll/s , dfgl;s , af}lb\ws ?kdf sdhf]/ clt ltI0f , 3/]n' tyf ;8s
afnaflnsf , clt lk5l8Psf ju{ leq kg]{ afnaflnsf , eflifs cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf
afnaflnsf , b\jGbkLl8t afnaflnsf cflb
;a}nfO{ plrt ?kdf Joj:yfkg u/L k|bfg ul/g] lzIffnfO{ ;dflxt lzIff elgG5 . o;n]
afnaflnsfdf ePsf] ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ / ;Daf]wg ub}{ lzIffsf] cj;/ pknAw
u/fpF5 . ;dflxt lzIffn] ;xhsf/L jftfj/0fdf ;a} afnaflnsfx?sf] z}lIfs clwsf/
;'lglZrt ub{5 . ;dflxt lzIff bz{g / z}Ifl0fs cEof;sf] ;dfud xf] h;n] x/]s
ljb\ofyL{nfgO{ cfˆgf] k"0f{Ifdtfsf ;fy l;Sg] , ;Ddflgt , cfTDljZjf;L /
;'/lIft dx;'; u/fpF5 . ;dflxt lzIffsf] k|d'v pb\b]Zo eg]sf] ljleGg sf/0fn]
lzIffsf] clwsf/af6 al~rt ePsfx?nfO{ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] d"nwf/df ;dfj]z
ug'{ xf] . ul/aL , k5f}6]kg , ef}uf]lns ljs6tf , hflte]b , lnª\u , ju{ ,
dhb'/ h:tf ljleGg nlIft ;d"xx? cem} klg cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kxF'rleq} k'Ug
;s]sf 5}gg\ o:tf] cj:yfdf /x]sf k|f}9 / afnaflnsfx?sf] ?lr / cfjZostfcg'?k
/fHon] cf}krfl/s , cgf}krfl/s , v"Nnf cflbsf dfWodaf6 lzIff k|bfg
ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ ;dflxt lzIffsf] lzIffsf] pb\b]Zo xf] . Inclusive sf] s'/f ubf{ ;dtf / ;dfgtfsf] k|;ª\u ;Fu} cfpF5 . ;dfgtfn] ;a}nfO{ a/fa/
Gofosf cfwf/df cj;/ lbG5 eg] ;dtfn] JolStsf] km/s Ifdtfsf] sb/ ub}{ cj;/ pknAw
u/fpb5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;dtfsf] cj:yfn] dfq ;dfj]zL jf ;dflxt lzIffsf] pb\b]Zo
k"/f u/fpF5 . o;/L ;dflxt lzIffn] ljljw k|s[lt , k[i7e"ld / Ifdtf
ePsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ pgLx?s} k[i7e"ld , k|s[lt / Ifdtf cg';f/ Pp6}
sIffsf]7fleq /fv]/ lzIf0f ug'{ g} ;dflxt lzIff xf] . g]kfndf ;a}sf nflu
sfo{qmdsf] r/0faf6 ;dflxt lzIff rrf{df cfPsf] xf] . ;dflxt lzIffsf] af/]df lgDg
kl/efiffx? /x]sf 5g M
Salamanka framework for action sf] bkmf # df æ ad]fnaflnsfdf zf/Ll/s , af}lb\ws , ;+j]ufTds , ;fdflhs ,
eflifs tyf cGo s'g} s'/fx?df lje]b gu/Lsg ljb\ofnon] ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfof]hg
ug{'k5{ . Æ
Salamanca statement sf] bkmf
@ df lje]bsf/L k|j[lTt lj?b\w n8\g , ;a} ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;xh ?kdf
ljb\ofno leQofpg tyf Pp6f ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f u/L … ;a}sf nflu lzIff Ú nfO{
;Dej t'Nofpg] k|efjsf/L :yfg eg]sf] ;dfj]lztfdf cfwfl/t lgoldt ljb\ofno g} xf]
. lgoldt ljb\ofnox?n] w]/}eGbf w]/} afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L lzIff k|bfg ub}{
sfo{Ifdtfdf j[lb\wu5{ / cGtt M ;du| z}lIfs k|0ffnLsf] nfut k|efjsf/Ltfdf ;'wf/
NofpF5 . æ;dflxt lzIff
eGgfn] ;a} afnaflnsfsf nflu lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf ax';fF:s[lts leGgtfnfO{ ;Ddfg
ub}{ cfˆg} ;d'bfodf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{
z}lIfs k2ltsf] ljsf; k|lqmof eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 . o;n] ljBfnodf ;d'bfosf]
:jfldTjnfO{ dxTj lbb} afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostfcg's'n pko'Qm jftfj/0f / ;xof]u
kfPdf ;a}n] l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotfdf ljZjf; u5{ . o;n] /fli6«o Pjd :yflgo txdf
s'g} klg kl/l:ylthGo sf/0fn] z}lIfs cj;/af6 al~rt Pjd ljBfnodf /x]/ klg
cfjZostfcg's'n pko'Qm jftfj/0f / ;xof]usf] cefjdf ljBfno 5f]8\g] vt/fdf k/]sf
afnaflnsfsf] klxrfg ug'{sf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsf ;fdflhs , ;fF:s[lts /
z}lIfs cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug]{ afns]Gb|Lt lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof cjnDjg ug{
k|f]T;fxg u5{ . lzIffdf afnaflnsf / o'jfx?sf] ;xh kxF'r k'¥ofpg clt h?/L 5 .
;a}nfO{ l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;lqmo ;xeflu u/gO clwstd z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n u/fpg klg
hlTts} h?/L 5 . ;dfj]zLtfsf] clGtdnIo eg]sf] x/]s JolStsf] k"0f{ Ifdtfsf]
k|of]usf ;fy l;sfO k|lqmof / ;dfhdf k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf x'g' xf] . o;n] nufgL
k|lqmof / jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ NofpF5 . lzIffdf ;a}sf] kxF'r k'¥ofpFgsf nflu
ljZjJofkL ?kdf g} ljleGg k|of;x? eO/x]sf 5g\ tfkgL ul/aL tyf cGo s'/fx?n]
lzIffdf alxis/0fnfO{ dbt ul//x]sf] 5 . ;a}sf nflu lzIff / ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf
nIox?sf] ;dLIff ubf{ 7'nf] k|oTgkl5 klg w]/} afnaflnsfx? al~rt /x]sf / Ps k6s
k|j\z ul/;s]sf afnaflnsfx? w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd l6Sg g;s]sf] tYo :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .
ljb\ofno 5f8\g]dWo] Ps ltxfO ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf , eflifs cNk;ª\Vos / ljkGg
u|fld0f kl/j]zdf /x]sf afnaflnsf tyf Pr=cfO=eL P8\; / Ifo/f]u k|efljt
afnaflnsfx?sf] cj:yf cem} gfh's 5 . ;g !($% df n]u ckm g]zG;n] dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u¥of] . lzIff k|flKt ;DaGwL pQm 3f]if0ffdf bkmf
@^ df elgPsf] 5 , s'g} klg lnª\u, j0f{, hft / wd{sf cfwf/df s;}nfO{ klg
e]befj ul/g] 5}g . ;+;f/sf x/]s b]zx?n] ;+ljwfgdfkm{t o; s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt
lbg] sf]lz; u/] tfklg o;n] ;a} afnaflnsfx?sf] j}olQms leGgtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ ;s]g
kmn:j?k ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x?sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf] nflu ljz]if /
PsLs[t ljBfnosf] Joj:yf ;'? ul/of] . ckfª\utf / cGo ;d:of ePsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{
ljz]if cj:yfsf] ljNnf klx¥ofO{ ;dfhsf] d"nwf/af6 cnUofpg] sfd eof] . o;
k|sf/sf] juL{s/0fn] pgLx? :joddf gsf/fTds a'´fOsf] cj:yf l;h{gf eof] . j}olQms
z}lIfs of]hgfsf cfwf/df ul/g] cWofkgsf sf/0f Go"g z}lIfs pknlAwsf] ck]Iff
x'g yfNof] . plNnlvt oyfy{nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} lzIffljbx?sf lardf ;a}
afnaflnsfnfO{ … Go"g lgif]wfTds jftfj/0f Ú df pko"Qm lzIff lbg]
pkfosf ;DaGwdf Jofks ax; eof] . kmn:j?k ;g !(() df yfONof08sf]
hf]lD6gdf ePsf] …;a}sf nflu lzIff Ú ;DaGwL ljZj 3f]if0ffdf lzIffdf
;dtfd"ns kx"rsf] j[l4 ug]{ k|:tfjnfO{ pRr k|yfldstf lbOof] . ;a}sf
nflu lzIffn] lnPsf p2]Zox? k"/f ug{ yk k|of; :j?k !(($ df :k]gsf] ;fnfdfGsfdf
ePsf] lzIff ;DalGw csf]{ ;Dd]ngn] cfwf/e"t gLltdf kl/jt{gdf ub}{ ;dflxt
lzIffsf] gLlt cjnDjg ug{'kg]{ s'/fdf cfs[i6 ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] ;g !(*!
df :k]gsf] 6f]/]df]lngf]; zx/df ePsf] ;Dd]ngn] ljz]if ljBfnodf ePsf
cju'0fx?nfO{ x6fpg egL PsLs[t ljBfno - hxf ;fwf/0ftof Pp6} 5fgfd"gL
ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf / gePsf afnaflnsf cnu cnu sIffdf k9\5g _ sf] Joj:yf ul/of]
. t/ o; Joj:yfaf6 klg ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] l;Sg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf]
k"0f{ ?kdf ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]g . @) cf} ztfJbLsf] cGTodf ;dfj]zL zAbnfO{
lzIffsf] If]qdf k|of]udf NofOof] xfn o; zJbsf] cy{ ljljw Ifdtf,k|s[lt /
k[i7e"ld ePsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ pgLx?s} k|s[lt . Ifdtf / k[i7e"ld
cg'';f/ Pp6} sIffsf]7f leq /fv]/ lzIf0f ug{' xf] . ;dfj]zL zJbsf af/]df 5nkmn
ubf{ ;dfgtf / ;dtf klg ;Fu} cfpg] u5{ . ;dfgtfn] ;a}nfO{ a/fa/ Gofosf] cj;/
lbG5 eg] ;dtfn] x/]s JolQmsf] km/s Ifdtfsf] sb/ ub}{ cj;/ pknJw u/fpF5 . ;dtfn]
dfq lzIffsf] ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffdf ;xof]u k''¥ofpF5 .
#=@_ ljz]iftf M— ;dflxt lzIff eGgfn] u'0f:t/Lo
lzIffsf] cj;/af6 sf]xL klg al~rt x'g gk/f]; eGg] pb]Zo;fy ;dfhsf ;a} ju{, k]zf,
wd{, lnª\u, Jofj;fo, blnt, ckfª\u, afn>lds , ;8s afnaflnsf, ef}uf]lns
ljs6tf, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;fF:s[lts ?kn] lk5l8Psf ljljw vfnsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{
pgLx?sf] ?lr, cfjZostf / rfxgfnfO{ Wofg lbP/ pko'St z}lIfs jftfj/0f tof/ u/L
lbOg] lzIff xf] . lzIff k|fKt ug'{ ;a} afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/df cfwfl/t kb\wlt
xf] .
— ;dflxt lzIffn] ;a} afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs
clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
— lzIffsf] d"nwf/af6 al~rt x'gfsf] sf/0f
kTtf nufO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;dflxt lzIffn] d2t k'¥ofpF5 .
— lzIffnfO{ cfjZostfd'vL / hLjgf]kof]uL agfpg
tyf ;f]xLadf]lhd Jofjxfl/s kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
— ;dflxt lzIffn] z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0f b]lv
sfof{Gjog;Ddsf k|To]s lqmofsnfkdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
— ;Fu}a;f}F, Pscfk;df l;sf}F, ljljetfsf] ;Ddfg
u/f}F, ;a}sf] z}lIfs clwsf/ pkof]u ug{ d2t u/f}F eGg] ;dflxt lzIfsf]
d"ne"t l;b\wfGtx? sfof{Gjog u5{ .
— ljb\ofnoleq / aflx/ e]befj/lxt z}lIfs jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k¥ofpF5 .
— ;a} afnaflnsfn] l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotfsf]
sfof{Gjog u5{ .
— cfTd;Ddfg / cfTduf}/jsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L
l;sfO k|lt ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ pTk|]l/t u5{ .
— kf7\oqmd , kf7\ok':ts / cGo z}lIfs ;fdfu|L
;dfj]zL cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ljsf; ug{ tyf Joj:yfkgdf kl/jf/ / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf]
;+nUgtf a9fpg ;dflxt lzIffsf] cfjZostf 5 .
#=#_
jlu{s/0fM– ;xL / ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;dflxt lzIffsf
lgDg ltg cfwf/nfO{ dgg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . h'g s'/f x]6]:6n] k|:t't u/]sf 5g M
§ ;a} afnaflnsfx?
l;Sg ;S5g\
§ xfdL ;a} s'g} g
s'g} leGgtf ljBdfg x'G5 / To;nfO{ :jLsfg'{kb{5
§ lzIff cfh{g ug{
kfpg' ;a} afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] .
;dflxt lzIffsf
nflu nlIft ;d"x M–;dflxt lzIffn]
lzIffsf] d"nwf/0ffaf6 al~rt ljleGg ;d'bfox?nfO{ z}lIfs cj;/ pknAw
u/fpgkb{5 . ;dflxt lzIffsf nlIft ;d"x lgDg 5g M
— afnaflnsf÷dlxnf
— ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf
— blnt afnaflnsf
— cflbjf;L hghftL afnaflnsf
— ;8s afnaflnsf
— b\jGb kLl8t
afnaflnsf
— ul/aLsf] ;d:of
u|:t afnaflnsf
— sd}of tyf aFw'jf
dhb'/ afnaflnsf
— c;fxo cgfy
afnaflnsf
— /f]uu|:t afnaflnsf
— >lds afnaflnsf
— a]rlavg tyf of}g
zf]if0faf6 kLl8t afnaflnsf
o;/L dfly pNn]lvt ;Dk"0f{ nlIft ;d"xnfO{
;d]6\g] u/L lgDg lsl;dsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 M
§
clgjfo{ tyf lgz'Ns k|fylds lzIff
§
b"/ lzIff
§
v'nf lzIff
§
k|f}9 lzIff
§
ljz]if lzIff
§
3'lDt ljBfnox?
§
afnd}qL ljBfno
ct M ;dflxt lzIff cf}krfl/s ljBfno lzIffdf ;/n kx'Fr gePsf ljkGg ju{ ,
;d'bfo , hflt , hghflt , blnt ,dlxnf ckfª\utf ;fy ljljw kIfaf6 cjx]lnt
afnaflnsfx?sf] klxrfg u/L pgLx?nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ xf] .
#=$_ ;dfj]zL
lzIffsf d"n l;b\wfGtx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g M (Theory)
!_ ;dfgtf dfq kof{Kt 5}gM— ;dfgtfn] Pp6f
;ffemf jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u5{ . kxF'rjfnfx? dfq cj;/af6 nfeflGjt x'g ;Sg] t/
;dfhdf ;a} dflg; /fHon] pknAw u/fOlbPsf] Psd'i6
cj;/af6 ;dfg tj/n] nfeflGjt x'g ;Sb}gg\ . ;dfgtfeGbf pTs[i6 cj:yf ;dtf
xf] . h;cGtu{t ;a} afnaflnsfsf] cnu cnu cj:yfsf] afah't pgLx?nfO{ plTts} cj;/
pknAw u/fpg] kb\wltsf] vfFrf] ;dflxt lzIffn] k"/f ub{5 .
@_ ;a} afnaflnsfsf] cfˆg} ;d'bfodf lzIff
kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;DdfgM— vf; vf; cj:yfsf afnaflnsf nflu cnu cnu ljb\ofnosf]
l;h{gf ubf{ afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] 3/ 5f8\g'kg]{ x'G5 . afa'cfdfsf' Gofgf] dfof
kfP/ cfˆg} ;d'bfodf a;L dft[efiffdf lzIff k|fKt ug]{ cj;/sf nflu ;dflxt lzIff
clt pTtd kb\wlt xf] .
#_ ;a} afnaflnsfn] l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg]
dfGotfM— ;dflxt lzIff Pp6f To:tf] cj;/ xf] h;n] s'g} klg cj:yfsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{
pgLx?sf] jf:tljs cj:yfsf] klxrfg ul/ s'g jftfj/0f pknAw u/fpFbf l;Sg ;S5g ;f]
pknAw u/fpg] ePsf]n] ;a} afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO ;Dej t'NofpF5 .
$_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :yflgo ;+nUgtf /
:jfldTj a9fpg k|]/0ff lbg]M— ;dflxt lzIff
cleofgn] alxis[t ;d'bfonfO{ d"nwf/df Nofpg pgLx?sf] ;fy ;xof]usf] ;w}
ck]Iff ub{5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf pgLx?sf] efjgfsf] k|ltlglwTTj ub}{
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] ePsfn] pgLx?n] klg ckgTj dx;'; u5{g .
%_ afnaflnsfx?df ePsf ljljeGtfx?M lnª\u,hflt,efiff,wd{,
ckfª\utf cflbsf]] ;DdfgM— afnaflnsfx? d"n wf/af6 alxis[t x'g'sf sf/0fx?
klxNofO pgLx?s} vfFrf] adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs /0fgLlt agfpg] sfd ;dflxt lzIff
sfo}qmddf x'G5 .
^_ z}lIfs ;+/rgf z}lIfs k|0ffnL / k|lqmof
;a} lsl;dsf afnaflnsfsf] cfjzostf ;'xfpbf] agfpg'k5{M— ;dflxt lzIffsf]
clGtd ljGb' eg]sf] alxis/0fdf k/]sf afnaflnsf g} x]g t/ ;du| z}lIfs ;+/rgf ,
z}lIfs k|0ffnL / k|lqmmof ;dfj]zL geO o;sf] sfo{Gjog sl7g 5 .
&_ nuftf/ kl/dfh{g eO/xg] ultlzn k|lqmofM— ;dflxt lzIff
eg]sf] Ps k6sdf ;dfKt x'g] sfo{qmd xf]Og . Ps k6s ul/Psf] tof/Ln] ;w}el/ sfd
ug{ ;Sb}g . ;dfhdf alxis/0fdf kg]{ ;d"xx? abnL/xG5g pgLx?sf] cj:yf klg
km/s km/s x'G5 . To;}n] ;dflxt lzIff Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] h;n] x/]s ;d'bfosf
cg]sg cj:yfsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg lg/Gt/ gofF gofF /0fgLltx?
agfO/xG5 .
$+ ;dflxt lzIffsf] P]ltxfl;s
gLltx?sf] k"g/fjnf]sgM— lzIffdf ;dflxt kb\wlt g} eg]/ s'g} 7f] gLlt
/ sfo{qmd gag]klg k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} ;dflxttf emlNsg] s]lx k|of;x? eg]
x'b} cfPsf 5g M
!_ j}lbs jf ;F:s[t lzIff cGtu{t /x]sf u'?s'n,Clifs'n
tyf b]js'n k|0ffnLdf lnª\u, j0f{ , hfltsf cfwf/df lzIffdf lje]b x'GYof] eg]
af}b\w lzIffdf To:tf] lje]bsf] cj:yf /x]sf] kfOb}g . oxfF kfl/jf/Ls aGwg tf]8]/
af}b\w lgodx?sf] kfngf u/]kl5 hf] ;'s}n] lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;Sy] .
@_ rf}wf} ztfAbLdf hol:ylt dNnn] lzIffnfO{ Joj;flos ?k
k|bfg u/] . h:t} M km"ndfnfsf Joj;fo ug]{ dfnL,tfdfsf efF8fjt{gsf] sfd
ug]{ tfd|fsf/ , sfF;sf] sfd ug]{ s;fsf/ vfBfGgsf] Joj;fo ug]{ t08'sf/ cflb .
#_ @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 lzIffdGqL
g[khª\u /f0ffsf] cfb]zcg';f/ z+s/b]j kGtn] dlxnf sn]hsf] of]hgf tof/ u/] t/ ;f]
;kmn eg] x'g ;s]g .
$_ ;+jt !(%* a}zfv #) ut] b]jzdz]/n] dlxnf lzIff ;'?
u/]sf lyP kl5 rGb| zdz]/n] To;nfO{ vf/]h u/]sf lyP t/ pg}n] lj=;+= !(*) c;f/ @@
sf lbg $ >]0fL;Dd k9fpg] sGof kf7zfnf sf7df8f}F kf6g / eStk'/df vf]n] .
%_ kl5 jL/ zdz]/sf] kfnfdf ef/tsf u+uf afO{n] dlxnf
lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/]sL lyOg\ .
^_ b]jzdz]/ kb Ro't ePkl5 b]jzdz]/ / ho k[YjLaxfb'/
l;+x ldn]/ vf]n]sf / of]hgf u/]sf efiff kf7zfnfx? aGb u/fOof] . cfˆgf ;;'/f
rGb| zdz]/;Fu s'/f ldNg g;s]kl5 hok[YjL axfb'/ l;+xn] cfkm" gS;fndf a:bf
b/af/leq ;TojfbL gfdsf Pp6f k|fylds kf7zfnf ;~rfng u/]sf lyP . pSt kf7zfnfdf
aemfªaf6 ;d]t bd}, sfdL , ;fsL{ cflb ljleGg cf7 hftsf ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ sf7df8f}F
lemsfO{ k7gkf7gdf nufPsf lyP . dft[efiffdf k':ts n]Vg] tyf Jofj;flos lzIff /
tflnd lbP/ lgDg ju{nfO{ prfNg] o'usf cu| JolStdf ho k[YjLjxfb'/ nfO{ lng ;lsG5
.
&_ lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf EPkl5 pRr lzIffsf] z'Ns
ltg'{ kb}{gYof] . ljb\ofyL{x?n] s]jn ljZjljb\ofnodf gfd btf{ u/fpg / k/LIff
z'Ns eg] ltg'{kYof]{ . a? u/La tyf h]x]Gbf/ 5fqx?nfO{ kf7\ok':ts lslglbg]
sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . lqrGb| sn]hsf h]x]Gbf/ 5fqx?nfO{ lstfa / vfhf
vfg lbg] Joj:yf ePsf] lyof] .
*_ ;+jt @))$ df cfwf/ lzIff nfu' ePkl5 k|To]s cfwf/
:s'nn] % j6f k|f}9 ;fIf/tf s]Gb| u7g u/L ;~rfng ug'{ kb{Yof] . !^ jif{ dfly /
$% jif{;Ddsf k|f}9x?nfO{ ;fIf/tf s]Gb|df egf{ lnOGYof] . cffwf/ :s'nsf pRr
sIffsf 5fqx?n] !@ hjfg k|f}9nfO{ ;fIf/ u/fpg clgjfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L x]bf{
@))& ;fnk"j{ z}lIfs If]qdf ;dflxt lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] kfOb}g .
g]kfndf cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIffsf] kl/of]hgf bf];|f]af6 PsLs[t
sfo{qmdsf] cEof;sf] yfnlg eof] eg] ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdsf] r/0faf6 ;dflxt
lzIff rrf{df cfof] . To:t} ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] ljBfno lzIffdf ;dtfnfO{
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
(_ ;+jt @))$ k|wfgdGqL kßzdz]/n] kb\dsGof ljBfno vf]nL
dlxnfsf nflu cª\u|]hL lzIffsf] 9f]sf j[xt u/fOlbP .
!)_ k|hftGq :yfkgf kl5 gf/L pTyfgsf] nflu ;+jt @))*
;fndf l8NnLahf/ , sflnsf:yfgdf gf/L ljBfkL7 v'n]sf] lyof] . tTsfnLg o'j/fh
dx]Gb|af6 ;ldltsf] k|d'v ;+/IfsTj ;d]t u|x0f ePsf] lyof] . dlxnfx?s} nflu
kßsGof sn]h klg v'Nof] .
!!_ ;+jt @)!) ;fn r}q ( ut] ul7t g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff
of]]hgf cfof]usf] k|ltj\bgdf dlxnf lzIffaf/] c? ljz]if pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .
cfof]un] kl/R5]b !@ df lzIfsx?sf] tflnddf gjo'jtLx?nfO{ ;d]t ;+nUg u/fpg] xf]
eg] lzIfsx?sf] ;x'lnotdf s]xL ;'wf/ x'g] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
!@_ ;+jt @)!! ;fndf /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf kl5 dlxnfx?nfO{ tflnddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df
dlxnfx?sf] ;ª\Vofyf]/} g} lyof] . To:t} sn]h ckm Ph's]zg v'n]kl5 klg 5fqfx?nfO{
ljz]if k|f]T;fxg lbOof] . ljBfnox? a9\b} uP / ;xlzIffsf] k|rng klg a9\b} uof] .
!#_ >L % sf] ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn If]qsf] e|d0fsf]
cj;/df b]psL h:tf] lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] cfly{s ;'wf/ u/L dlxnf ;xeflutf h'6fpg
lgb]{zg aS; eP adf]lhd >d tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] @)$$÷)$% b]lv ljz]if
5fqj[lTt Joj:yf u¥of] . a}t8L,89]nw'/f,bfr'{nf / 8f]6Lsf @%) b]psL / df6fsf
;'Ns agfpg] Hofnf dhb'/Laf6 afFRg] efF8sf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ? *)) ? !))) ;Dd k9\gsf]
nflu >d tyf ;fdflhs sNof0f dGqfnon] a]xf]/]sf] lyof] . ;'Nkmf agfpg] efF8 /
jfbLsf s]xL kl/jf/ ?s'dsf] rf}/ hxf/Ldf klg e]l6Gy] . To;a]nf a}t8Lsf] d]nf}nL
/ 88]nw'/fsf] chod]? uflj;sf s]6fs]6Ln] cWoog ug]{ df}sf kfPsf lyP .
!$_ gaf}F k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf ^ jif{ dflysf &)
k|ltztnfO{ ;fIf/ u/fpg] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] larsf] ;fIf/tfsf] km/s b/nfO{ @)
k|ltztdf emfg]{, ;fIf/f]Q/ / lg/Gt/ lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ cgf]krfl/s lzIffsf] cleGg
cª\usf ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ , ;fIf/f]Q/sfo{qmdnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg] tyf ;fIf/tf
cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmdx? cgf}krfl/s lzIff cGtu{t k/]sf lyP .
!%_ gaf}F k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf cg'?k ^ dlxgf;Dd b}lgs
b'O 306f !$–!% jif{sf lg/If/ dlxnfx?nfO{ ;fIf/ u/fO 3/ kl/jf/ ;DalGw l;k
l;sfpg] sfo{qmd dlxnf lzIff cgf}krfl/s sfo{qmd xf] . dlxnf lzIffsf] of] klxnf]
r/0f xf] . k|yd r/0f pQL0f{ dlxnfnfO{ ^ dlxgf ;Dd lbgsf] b'O{ 306f ;fIf/tfnfO{
:yfloTj lbg] / sfo{d"ns l;k l;sfpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'G5 . bf];|f] r/0f
pQL0f{ dlxnfnfO{ ^ dlxgf ;Dd clgjfo{ ljifo / # dlxgf /f]huf/d"ns l;k
lbnfP/ ;d"xsf] dfWodaf6 Joj;fo ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' cgf}krfl/s dlxnf lzIffsf]
t];|f] r/0fsf] pb]Zo xf] .
!^_ lzIff ;bgsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] r/0fsf sfo{qmd
cGtu{t lbgsf] b'O{ 306f;Dd *–!$ jif{sf ljBfnoguPsf / ljBfno uP/ lar}df 5f8]sf
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;fIF/ u/fpg], ;fIf/tf lbuf] u/fpg]/ sfo{d"ns l;k lbg]
sfo{qmdx? kb{5g .
!&_ *–!$ jif{sf ljBfno guPsf / lar}df :s"n
5f8]sf lg/If/ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fIf/ u/fO ljBfno egf{ u/fpg] sfo{qmdr]lna]6L
sfo{qmd leq kb{5 .
!*_ zf/Ll/s c;dy{tfsf] l;sf/ ePsfx?n] klg dfgjf]lrt
hLjgofkg ug]{ tyf afRg] clwsf/ kfpg'k5{ egL ;+o'St /fi6«;+3n] cfˆgf] ljZj dfgj
clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkq ;g\ !($* df hf/L u/]kl5 To;sf] k|efj g]kfndf klg k¥of] .
lj=;= @)@! df sn]h ckm Ph's]zg n]j]/]6/L :s"ndf cd]l/sL peace corps
volunter cGwf lzIfs NjfO8li6j]G;sf]
;xof]uaf6 a|]n k|0ffnL ;fy} b[li6lalxgx?sf] lzIffsf] >Lu0f]z ePsf] xf] .
lj=;= @)#$ df /fgL P]Zjo{sf] cWoIftfdf :yfkgf ePsf] ;fdflhs ;]jf /fli6«o ;dGjo
kl/ifbn] lgDg Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] M
v
nf6f
tyf alx/f ljBfyL{x?sf nflu kf7\oqmd tyf lzIfs lgb]{zg k'l:tsf lgdf{0f ug]{
v ;':tdgl:yltsf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu kf7\oqmd tyf lzIfs lgb]{zg
k'l:tsf lgdf{0f ug]{
v lzIfsx?sf nflu Psjif]{ aL=P8 tflnd lbnfpg]
v ljz]if lzIffsf] If]qdf cg';Gwfg sfo{ u/fpg]
v ;':t >j0f sNof0f ;+:yf cGtu{t jlx/f afnssf] :s"n
gS;fnnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ cg'bfg lbg]
v z}lIfs v]ns'b tyf dgf]/~hg ;fdfu|Lsf nflu cg'bfg lbg]
v c;fxfo / u/La ckfª\u 5fq 5fqfnfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf lbg] ,
!(_
lj=;= @)%@ ;fpg @@ ut] lzIf ;+:s[lts / ;dfh sNof0f dGqL df]bgfy k|l>taf6
nlntk'/sf] 7}j uflj;df a|]n k':tsfno :yfkgf eof] .
@)_
@)@* n] lzIffdf ;dflxt cjwf/0ffnfO{ s]xL ;ª\s]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:t} M b'u{d
If]qsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ / u/La ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lgz'Ns / c?nfO{ ;'ky df]ndf /fd|f]
:t/ sf] kf7\ok':ts pknAw u/fOg] 5 .
@!_
k|hftGqsf] k'g M axfnL kZrft !(() df yfONof08sf] hf]lD6gdf ePsf] ;a}sf nflu
lzIff ljifosf] ljZj ;Dd]ng / Go'of]s{df ePsf] afnaflnsfsf lglDt ljZj lzv/
;Dd]ngsf] 3f]if0ffkqdf g]kfnn] k|ltab\wtf hgfO x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyof] . ;fy} !(()
sf] bzsdf /fli6«o :t/df ul/g] sfo{ of]hgf klg tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . of]hgfdf !)
jif{ leq} ljBfno hfg] afnaflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof ^$ af6 !)) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] , #!
k|ltzt dfq egf{ x'g] aflnsfsf] l:yltnfO{ ztk|ltzt k'¥ofpg] / @& k|ltzt dfq k|fylds
lzIff k'/f ug]{ l:ylt /x]sf]df &)Ü k'¥ofpg] nIo ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 .
@@_ /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$& n] pNn]v u/]sf d"ne"t
s'/fx? M
·
lzIff ;jj{;'ne agfpg k|fylds lzIff dft[efiff lbg ;lsg],
·
cgf}krfl/s lzIff cfwf/e"t, dWod:t/Lo / pRr:t/Lo v'nf
ljb\ofno / ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] lj:tf/ , kqrf/ , /]l8of]
6]lnlehgsf] dfWodaf6 k|;f/sf ;fy} cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;~rfng ,
·
;a} txsf lzIffdf dllxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] ,
·
ckfª\u tyf czSt afnaflnsfnfO{ pRr lzIffsf] Joj:yf ,
·
cfly{s ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf hgzlSt /
If]qdf ;d'lrt lzIffsf] Joj:yf .
@!_ pRr :t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)%%
sf] sfo{If]qdf z}lIfs gLlt tyf sfo{If]q cflbsf] ;dLIff ;'b]9Ls/0f / j}slNks
Joj:yf b]lv cfof]un] plrt 7x/fPsf kIfdWo] ;fdflhs cfly{s ef}uf]lns cflb
b[li6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf nflu lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ ljz]if lzIff , cf}krfl/s
lzIff tyf ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd , gLlh tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno , pTkfbgzLn ,
/f]huf/d"ns / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff , lj1fg tyf k|fljlws lzIffnfO{
cfof]usf] sfo{If]q leq} ;d]l6Psf] lyP .
lzIffdf ;dfj]zL cjwf/0fsf] sfo{Gjogsf nflu ePsf k|of;x? M
s_ afn clwsf/ ;DalGw dxf;lGw – ;g\ !(()
o; dxf;lGwdf %$ j6f wf/fx? 5g\ . h';dWo] lgDg wf/fx?n] ;dfj]zLtfsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 M
wf/f @ M e]befj ug{ gx'g]
wf/f @# M ckfË afnaflnsf ljz]if :ofxf/ ,
lzIff / k|lzIf0fsf] clwsf/
wf/f @( M lzIff
afnaflnsfsf] JolQmTj af}l4s Ifdtfsf] ljsf;tkm{ lgb]{lzt x'g'kg]{
wf/f #) M cNk;ª\Vos tyf
cflbjf;L ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] cfˆgf] ;F:s[ltdf /Dg kfpg] / cfˆg} wd{ / efiff
k|of]u ug{ kfpg]
v_ ;g\ @))) sf] ;]K6]Da/df !$& /fi6«
tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?af6 * cf]6f nIox? cg'df]bg u/]sf lyP . o;sf] k|d'v
p2]Zo eg]sf] u/LaLaf6 d'lQm lbnfpgsf nflu /f]u / lg/Iftf x6fpg' xf] . o;n]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;dfj]]zL nIox? lgDg 5g\ M
;j{;"ne / k|fylds lzIff k|fKt ug]{{
n}ËLs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;ZfQmLs/0fnfO{ clej[l4
ug]{
u_ ;a}sf nflu
lzIffM— ;g\ !(() UNO(United Nation Organization) sf] tTTjfwfgdf ;g\ !(() sf]
;]K6]Da/df yfONof08sf] hf]lD6gdf ePsf] ljZj ;Dd]ngaf6 … ;a}sf nflu
lzIff Ú cleofg ;''? ePsf] xf] . o;sf nIox? k"/f ug{sf nflu g]kfnn]
lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{of]hgf tof/ kf/]sf] kfOG5 M
lk5l8Psf tyf lzIffsf] cj;/af6 al~rt afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] ,
sl7g cj:yf tyf cNk;ª\Vos hfltsf afnaflnsfx?sf nflu lgz'Ns u'0f:t/o'Qm / clgjfo{
k|fylds lzIff k|bfg ug]{ , dlxnf lzIffdf %)Ü ;'wf/ ug]{ , lzIffsf] kxF'r ;dfhsf
;a} ju{ / ;j{;fw/0f;Dd k'¥ofpg] , n}ËLs lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{ , z}lIfs u'0f:t/df
;'wf/ ug]{ , dft[efiffdf k|fylds lzIff k|bfg ug]{ .
3_ ckfª\utf ePsf
JolQmx?sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwM—;g\ @))*-x:tfIf/_ / cg'df]bg
@)!)
ª_ /f=lz=k=of]=
@)@* n] dlxnf lzIffnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .
r_ pRr :tl/o /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u -@)%% _
tf]s]sf /fli6«o gLltx?
— cfufdL !) jif{leq
b]ze/ clgjfo{ / lgz'Ns k|fylds lzIff nfu' ug]{ , # sIff ;Dd pbf/ sIff]Ggltsf]
Joj:yf / lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ , ljz]if nlIft ;d"xsf nflu ljz]if
Joj:yf nfu' ug]{ — zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ckfËx?sf lglDt ljz]if lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{
/ pgLx?nfO{ ljz]if pks/0f pknAw u/fpg]
— ljleGg
;"ljwfx? k|bfg u/L ;dfhdf kl5 k/]sf JolQm / ju{x?sf] ;d]t lzIffdf kx'Fr
k'¥ofpg] gLlt cjnDjg ug]{ ,
— ljleGg cfjZostf,
Ifdtf / k|ltef ePsf afnaflnsfx?sf] jf:tljs Ifdtf klxrfgsf nflu lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{
d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof ckgfpg] ,
— ljz]if cfjZostf
ePsf ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu ;dflxt d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof ckgfpg] gLlt ;/sf/n]
agfpg] 5 . h:t} M b[li6 ljlxg afnaflnsfsf nflu a|]n lnlkdf g} tof/ ug]{ , a|]n
lnlksf] lasNkdf k|Zg / pTf/ 6]kdf /]s8{ ug]{ , sdhf]/ ;'gfO ePsf ljBfyL{x?sf
nflu nlrnf] gLlt ckgfOg] 5 .
%= g]kfnsf] ;dflxt lzIffsf] jt{dfg gLltM— ;dflxt lzIffn] ;a}
afnaflnsfx?sf] kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug{'k5{ . oxfF ;a}sf] kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug]{ eGgfn]
b]z leq /x]sf wgL ul//a,;anfª\u–ckfª\u,;DkGg ljkGg,;'ud b'u{d ;a}nfO{
;d]6\g'k5{ . ljBfnosf] kx'Fr;Fu} ljBfnodf cfO/x]sf],ljBfnodf egf{ eO{ ljljw
sf/0fn] k9\g 5f8]sf,ljBfnog} guPsf ;a} lsl;dsf afnaflnsfx?sf] a]Unfa]Un} ljZn]if0f
ug'{kb{5 . ;a}nfO{ lzIffsf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{sf] nflu ljleGg gLlt tyf
sfo{qmd jt{dfg ;dodf klg ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|fylds lzIff pd]/sf ;a}
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ljBfnodf egf{ u/fpg], egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff
k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]/ ;~rfng ePsf d'Vo d'Vo sfo{qmdx?df ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd
@))$–@))( , lzIffsf nflu vfBfGg , dfWolds lzIff ;xof]udf sfo{qmd k|fylds lzIfs
tflnd sfo{qmdx? 5g\ . o:tf ;a} sfo{qmddf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;dflxt
lzIffnfO{ k|d'v /0ffgLltx?sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf ;dflxt lzIffsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu g]kfndf jt{dfgdf ePsf k|of;x? lgDg 5g M
Ø sltko b'u{d:yfgdf
vfhf kf];fs 5fqj[lQ , cfjl;o ;'ljwf k|bfg
Ø cleefjsnfO{
r]tgzLn agfpg cleefjs lzIff
Ø lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg lzIfs tflnd / ljsf;
Ø ;fdflhs ;f]rfO /
;+:sf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ,
Ø k"j{ k|fylds
lzIffsf] Jofkstf
Ø lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{
d"Nofª\sg / :yfgLo kf7\oqmd sfo{Gjogsf] k|of; ,
Ø afnd}qL ljBfno ,
Ø ;|f]t sIff ,
ljz]if ljBfno , PsLs[t ljBfno Joj:yf ,
Ø ;dflxt k/LIff tyf
d"Nofª\sg Joj:yf ,
Ø a|]n kf7\ok':ts
Joj:yf ,
Ø ;dflxt lzIff
sfo{qmddfkm{t czSt , ckfª\utf ePsfnfO{ pko'St lzIffsf] Joj:yf ,
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
— wf/f * — dlxnf ju{sf]
lzIff :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df cflwsflws ;xefuL
agfpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
— wf/f * -pkwf/f !)_ — lzIff , :jf:Yo, vfB;Dk|e"tf
/ /f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kn]
lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L hghflt dw]zL blnt nufotsf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf u/Llasf]
/]vfd"lgsf dhb'/ ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
— pkwf/f !^— ls;fg dhb'/ nufot
>ddf cfl>t ju{sf] ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws lzIff, tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZos
k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L pgLx?nfO{ /fHosf] ljsf; k|s[ofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt
/fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
— wf/f !$ — s'g} klg
JolQmnfO{ hft , jz+, ;d'bfo jf k];fsf cfwf/df
s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
wf/f !&
— pkwf/f # — g]kfndf a;f]jf;
ug]{ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk, ;f+:s[lt ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f /
;Daw{g ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
— pkwf/f @ — k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{
sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff lgMz"Ns
kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
— wf/f @) — dlxnf ePs} sf/0f
s'g} klg e]befj ul/g] 5}g . s'g} klg dlxnf lj?4 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g}
lsl;dsf] lx;f+hGo sfo{ ul/g] 5}g / To:tf] sfo{ sfg'gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5
— wf/f @! — cfly{s, ;fdflhs
jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt , dw]zL ;d'bfo ,
pTkLl8tju{, u/La , ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj];L l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df
/fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 .
— wf/f @@ -pkwf/f $
_ —
c;xfo, cgfy, ;':tdgl:ylt , åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf k/]sf ;8s
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt eljiosf] nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5
.
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf
c_ ljBfyL{sf nflu
— 5fqf, blnt , ckfË nufotsf ljBfyL{sf] nflu
ljleGg 5fqj[ltsf] Joj:yf ug]{
— nlIft ;d"xsf nflu lbjf vfhfsf] Joj:yf
ug]{
— sIffsf]7f / ljBfno jftfj/0f afnd}qL agfO{
To;df /xg] / cWoog ug]{ cj;/
— e]befj /lxt jftfj/0fdf ljleGg z}lIfs
ls|ofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cj;/sf] Joj:yf
— ljBfno kx'rsf] Joj:yf
cf_ lzIfssf nflu
— dlxnf , blnt / cGo ;'ljwf ljlxg ;d"xsf
nflu lzIfs ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ ljz]if
Joj:yf
— ljleGg lsl;dsf k];fut j[lt / ljsf;sf] cj;/
— dlxnf lzIfs clgjfo{ x'g' kg]{
O_ lj= Jo= ;= sf
nflu
— ljBfno Joj:yfkg
:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+o'Qm lhDd]jf/L / ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rfng x'g]
— ljBfnosf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf nflu
gLlt th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cfjZos ;dGjog / lgoGq0f :yfgLo txaf6 x'g]
O{_ ;dflxt lzIffsf
afwf M
ljBfno txdf
— ;du| gLlt tyf o:fsf] sfof{Gjog ;dfj];L gx'g'
— ljifoj:t' rog M km/s cfjZostfsf] k"lt{
ug{ ljifoj:t' ljlw /0fgLlt / ;fdu|L km/s rog ug{'kg]{ x'G5. h'g s'/f ;a}
ljBfnon] ;xh} :jLsfb}{gg\ .
— d"Nofª\sg Ifdtfsf] sdL M km/s Ifdtfaf6 cfPsf
afnaflnsfsf] pknlAwsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{ ljBfnox? ;Ifd g/x]sfn]
;dflxtLs/0f k|ls|ofdf afwf l;h{gf u5{ .
— tx kf/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf låljwf M ljBfnox?df
d"Nofª\sg k4lt / pknlAw:t/ a'‰g]
ljifodf ;d:of x'gfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps txaf6 csf]{ txdf r9fpg] ;jfndf cGof]n 5 .
— afnaflnsfsf] Jofjxfl/s sl7gfO a'‰g] ;jfndf
M slt ko cj:yfdf ;fdfGo kl/l:yltsf / ljz]if kl/l:yltsf afnaflnsfaLrsf]
;+j]ufTds tyf sfof{Tds cj:yfsf] cGt/ a'‰g g;Sgfn] ;dfof]hg k|lqmofdf ljBfnox?
c;kmn 7xl/G5g\ .
afnaflnsf , kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo txdf
— ;dfj]zL k|lqmofaf/]df cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L
gx'g' ,
— kof{Kt cj;/ / xf};nf gx'g' ,
— PsLs[t sfo{qmd / ;dGjosf] cefj
— cNk;ª\Vos eflifs / hghflt ;d'bfosf] cnUu}
;d:of ,
— z}lIfs ?kn] lk5l8Psf afnaflnsfsf ;d:of
UNESCO +n] lzIffsf
afwfsf ?kdf lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ cf}NofPsf] 5 M
— lzIfs cleefjs / lzIff k|zf;ssf] ;dfj]lztf
k|flKtsf] unt a'emfO{ ,
— ljBfnodf /x]sf] ef}lts Jojwfg ,
— c;lxi0f' kf7\oqmd ,
— ;dflxt lzIff ljlwaf/] a]va/ lzIfsx? ,
— efiff / ;~rf/ k4lt ,
— k|lts'n ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kIf ,
— ckof{Kt ;|f]t ,
— lzIff k|0ffnLsf] c;dfj]zL ;+u7g ,
— lzIff gLlt :joddf /x]sf Jojwfgx? ,
^_ lgisif{M—lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg' b]zsf gful/sx?sf]
g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] k|To]s gful/snfO{ lzIff k|bfg u/fpg' x/]s nf]ssNof0fsf/L
/fHosf] bfloTj xf] . ;dflxt jf ;dfj]zL lzIff eGgfn] afnaflnsfx?sf lglDt
lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf ax'F;f:s[lts leGgtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ cfˆg} ;d'bfodf lzIff
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ z}lIfs kb\wltsf] ljsf; k|lqmof xf] . cyf{t
;dfj]zL lzIffn] /fli6«o P+jd :yflgo txdf s'g} klg txdf s'g} klg kl/l:ylthGo
sf/0fn] z}lIfs cj;/af6 al~rt /x]sf Pjd ljBfnodf /x]/ klg cfjZostf cg's'n pko'St
jftfj/0f / ;xof]usf] cefjdf ljBfno 5f]8\g] vt/fdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx?sf] klxrfg
ug'{sf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfx?sf] ;ffdflhs, ;fF:s[lts / z}lIfs cfjZostfnfO{
k"/f ug{ afns]Gb|L lzIf0f k|lqmof cjnDjg ug{ k|f]T;fxg u5{ . ;dfj]zL
sIffsf]7fdf afnaflnsfsf JolStut jf af}lb\ws ;Ifdtfsf ;fy} pgLx?sf] aFx'hflt /
ax';fF:s[lts kIfnfO{ klg Vofn ub}{ lzIf0f ug'{k5{ . ax";fF:s[lts sIffdf
lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfsn] rgfvf] aGb} ljljw ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ;dflxt
cjwf/0ffdf ;dfgtf / ;dtf b'O{ wf/ b]vf k5{g . ;dfgtfn] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/
k|bfg ug]{ eGg] hgfpF5 eg] ;dtfn] j}olSts ?lr / cfjZostf cg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt
ug]{ eGg] hgfpF5 . oxfF ;dtfsf] k"0f{ k|flKtn] dfq ;dflxtsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
;fsf/ ?k k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . ;dflxt z}lIfs k|0fnLdf km/s km/s Ifdtf , ?lr / :t/0fsf
ljBfyL{x? x'g] x'Fbf pgLx?sf] nflu kf7\oqmd,kf7\ok':ts s:tf] lgdf{0f ug]{ <
lzIf0f s;/L ug]{ < k/LIff k|0ffnL s:tf] x'g] d"Nofª\sgsf] ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg
s;/L ug]{ < ;do / vr{sf] ;Gt'ng s;/L ug]{ < eGg] h:tf cg]s
r"gf}tLx?sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu :ki6 gLlt tyf of]hgfx? lgdf{0f u/]/ To;nfO{
sfo{Gjog ;d]t u/fpg'kb{5 . ;dflxt lzIffsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpFbf jf:tljs ?kdf
nlIft ;d"xsf] klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . sIffsf]7fdf ;dflxt jf ;dfj]zL lqmofsnfkx?
u/fpbf csf]{ ljBfyL{ ;d"xsf] cfTdljZjf; 36\g] x'g'x'b}g . ;dfj]zLs/0f
eg]sf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] k|Tofe"lt g} xf] .
ha;Dd /fHon] ;dfhsf ;a} hghflt , blnt , cNkefifL , ckfª\u, lk5l8Psf ;d"xsf
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ lzIffsf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt ug{ ;Sb}g Tolta]nf;Dd ;fdflhs
Gofo x'g ;Sb}g . ;dflxt lzIffdf ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ cGo
afnaflnsf ;Fu} /fv]/ l;sfOG5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 afnaflnsfdf lje]b ug]{ , ;fª\u
ckfª\u , sdhf]/ , tLa| , ;'lawf ljlxg eg]/ 5'6\ofpg] ub}{g . ;a} afnaflnsfx?sf]
Ifdtf / cfjZostf cg'?k ;a}n] ;dfg tl/sfn] l;Sg ;Sg] u/L lzIf0f k|lqmofdf
;'wf/0f ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL ub{5 . xfn g]kfndf ;dflxt lzIfffs] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg
gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgx?df klg ;dflxt lzIffsf nflu
ljleGg gLltx? to ul/Psf 5g\ . lzIffdf cfyL{s cj:yf sdhf]/,;'ljwfljlxg,ljs6 7fpF
/ ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf ju{nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
;dfj]zL lzIffsf]
;DaGw ;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ff ;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . dflg;nfO{ ;fdflhs ?kdf
Gofo k|bfg ug]{ qmddf ;dflxt lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] . ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu
k|bfg ul/g] lzIffdf ;dflxt lzIff kb\wltsf] ljsf; Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/sf] ljsf;
, afnd}qL , lnª\u d}qL , ;dflxt lzIff / lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] ;'b[l9s/0f ,
Jojxf/jfbL lzIff, ;dfgtfd"vL ;dfh lgdf{0f cflb kIfx? kb{5g\ . oL ;a}n]
;dflxt lzIffdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . ;dflxt jf ;dfj]zL lzIff cGtu{t ;dfhdf ;a} dflg;sf]
k|ltlglwTj ;xeflutf , ;|f]tdflysf] kx'Fr , ;Dk|e'tf / klxrfgnfO{ k|fyldstf
lbOG5 . o;n] ;a} afnaflnsfx?n] l;Sg ;S5g eGg] dfGotf /fVb} ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
:yflgo ;+nUgtf / :jfldTj a9fpg k|]/0ff lbG5 . ;dflxt lzIffn] lzIffsf] cj;/af6
al~rt ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsf tyf k|f}9x?nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/L z}lIfs
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u5{ .
$= ;sf/fTds lje]b– - sf]6f / 5fqj[lQ gLlt,
tyf sfo{s|dx? _
!= kl/ro M–;sf/fTds
lje]b eg]sf] /fHoaf6 jl~rtLdf k/]sf jf ;f] sf/0fn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts
cfbL ljleGg cfwf/df sdhf]/ jf jl~rtLdf k/]/ k5f8L x'g k'u]sf ju{ jf ;d'bfonfO{
/fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; ug]{ ;jfndf ;dfg ;xeflutf / kx'Frsf] l:yltnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{] sfo{ xf]] . ;sf/fTds lje]bn] k5f8L k/]sf ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]zL
t/Lsfn] cj;/ k|bfg u/]/ dfly p7fpg] ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVb5 . z}lIfs If]qdf
;sf/fTds lje]b eGgfn] ljleGg sf/0faf6 lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/af6 jl~rt
las6 If]q tyf ;d"bfosf afnaflnsf, ckfª\utf ePsf JolQm, dlxnf, blnt tyf
l;dfGts[t, ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx? nufotnfO{ ljBfno ;Dd k'¥ofP/ To;nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg] ;Gbe{df /fHon] lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog u/]sf] ljleGg lsl;dsf
k|fjwfgx?nfO{ a'lemG5 . ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt /fHon] ckgfPsf] eP tfklg Psflt/ pQm
gLlt tyf sfo{s|dn] jf:tljs ?dkf k5f8L k/]sf ;d'bfonfO{ 6]jf k'Ug g;s]sf]
hgu'gf;fx? cfPsf b]lvG5g . eg] csf{] lt/ z}lIfs b[i6Lsf]0fn] k5f8L k/]sfx?nfO{
cf/If0f slxn] ;Dd k|bfg ug{] < nufotsf ;jfnx? l;h{gf eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;lsl;dsf ljleGgr'gf}ltx?, ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} ;sf/fTds lje]b
z}lIfs If]qdf Pp6f d'4fsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
@= k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
p2]Zo M– z}lIfs If]qdf ;xeflutf, kx'Fr tyf pknlAwdf b]lvPsf] ljBdfg
c;dfgtfnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ gLlt tyf l;4fGt dflgPsf] ;sf/fTds
lje]lbs/0fsf] ;fGble{stf / dxTJf dfly k|sfz kfg]{ o; cWoogsf] k|d'v p2]Zo /xsf]
5 . o;sf ;fy} cGo p2]Zox?nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
!= z}lIfs If]qdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
;}4flGts cjwf/0ffsf] pNn]v ub}{ To;sf] ljZn]if0f
ug]{
@ z}lIfs If]qdf ;sf/fTds lje]lbs/0f
;DalGw eO/x]sf P]ltxfl;s tyf ljBdfg lgtL /
sfo{s|dsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] .
# z}lIfs If]qdf ;sf/fTds lje]bLs/0f
sfo{df b]lvPsf r'gf}lt tyf d'4fx?sf] p7fg ub{}
lgisif{ k]z ug{]
.
#= ;sf/fTds
lje]bsf] cjwf/0ffM– ha ljZjdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] s|dn] ult kfpFb} uof]
JolQm tyf ;dfhdf c;dfgtfsf d'4fx? b]lvg yfn] . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o 4Gbx?
km}lng yfn] . kmn:j?k Jofks 4Gb tyf ljZjo'4 h:tf g/;+xf/ b]vf kg{ uof] . o;}sf]
huaf6 O;+ !($* df ;a}sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf / dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL
ljZjJoflk 3f]if0ffkq !($*, hf/L eof] . olxF ljGb'af6 g} ;dfgtf, ;dfj]lztf tyf
;fdflhs Gofosf] ljhf/f]k0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o zflGt, ldqtf,
cdgrog tyf Psfk;df efOrf/f sfod ub{} ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ;Gbe{df ljsf;
sfo{df ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xefltnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g . o;} ;Gbe{df ;df]lztf, ;dtf /
;fdflhs Gofosf] huaf6 ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;sf/fTds lje]bsf] c+u]|hL zAb Affirmative action sf] k|of]u ug{]
klxnf] JolQsf ?kdf cd]l/ls k"j{ /fi6«klt hf]g Pkm s]g]l8nfO{ dflgG5 . pgsf] ljrf/df ;sf/fTds lje]bn] sf]xL JolQmnfO{ klg hft, /+u –- uf]/f sfnf _, wd{, lnª\u cflbsf
cfwf/df lje]b gu/L ;j}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ub{5 . o;k|sf/ sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ s;}sf]
alx:s/0f ug]{ geO{ sdhf]/ ju{sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / ;zlQms/0fdf hf]8 lbO{ ;dtfd'ns
tl/sfn] ;dfgtfsf] cj;/df plgx?sf] kFx'r ;'lgZrLt ug]{ gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .To:t} csf{] zJbdf ;sf/fTds lje]b eGgfn] /fHo4f/f
k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf, ;'ljwf / nfesf] ;j;/x?af6 jl~rt ju{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ ljz]if nfe
k'Ug] u/L ;dfgtf sfod ug{ u/Lg] sfo{nfO{ a'lemG5 . cyf{t s'g} ljz]if kl/l:ylt,
kIfkft, e]befj jf cj:yfsf sf/0faf6 cfkm"n] g};lu{s jf sfg'gL xs / clwsf/sf
?kdf kfpg'kg]{ xs, clwsf/, ;]jf ;'ljwf / cj;/af6 jl~rt ju{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ ;f]sf]
k|flKtsf nflu ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dtfsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ljz]if cj;/ tyf ljz]if
;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug{' g} ;sf/fTds lje]b sfo{ xf] . ;sf/fTds lje]lbs/0f sfo{sf]
d"n Wo]o eg]sf] ;dfhdf /x]sf ;j}
ju{, If]q / lnª\unfO{ ljsf;sf]] d"n k|jfxdf NofO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{' xf]
. ;sf/fTds lje]lbs/0f sfo{n] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, ;Demf}tf /
cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ b]zsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu ;a} ju{ / ;d'bfosf
gful/sx?nfO{ ;dfg kx'Fr / clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 . ;sf/fTds lje]bn] /fHosf x/]s c+ux? h:t} lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L,
/fhg}lts cflb txdf ;dfg k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu cf/If0f, k|fyldstf,
ljz]if tflnd, Ifdtf ljsf;, ;x'lnot, ;fdflhs Gofo, pko"{Qm jftfj/0fsf]
lgdf{0f h:tf pkfox? ckgfO{ sd kFx'r ePsf ju{sf] nflu s]xL ljz]if Joj:yf ub{5 .
#=! lzIffdf ;sf/fTds lje]b / o;sf] dxTjM– ljZj;d'bfodf
lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne tyf s«dzM lgz'Ns / clgjfo{ agfpb} n}hfg] 3f]if0ff ul/P cg';f/
dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL ljZjJoflk 3f]if0ffkq !($*, afnclwsf/ dx;GwL !(*(, ;j}sf nflu
ljZjJoflk 3f]if0fkq !((), ;fnfdf+sf 3f]if0ffkq !(($, 8fsf/ 3f]if0ffkq@))), cflb
h:tf cGt/fli6«o dxf;GwL tyf 3f]if0ffkqdf P]Soj4tf tyf k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ub}{
lzIffnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] df}lns xsdf ?kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 .ljsf;sf k'jf{wf/ dWo]
lzIff Ps clt dxTjk'0f{ k'jf{wf/ ePsf] s'/f ;j{ljljb} 5 . x/]s /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf]
;'rssf] ?kdf lzIff nfO{ lng] u/]sf] ;Gb{edf lzIffdf ;j} au{sf] kFx'r k¥ofpgsf]
nflu ;sf/fTds lje]lbs/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . ljz]if u/L
o;n] z}lIfs cj;/x?af6 jl~rt lk5l8Psf] If]q, cNk;+Vos, l;dfGts[t, blnt, d'l:nd,
cflbaf;L hghflt, dlxnf tyf v; cfo{ ;a} ;d'bfonfO{ lzIff If]qsf] ;a} txdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod u/L
ckgTjsf] efjgf k}bf u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . To:t} ;a} jfnjflnsfx?sf] lzIff kfpg]
g};lu{s clwsf/ :yflkt u/fpg] ;Gbe{df klg ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] dxTj /xG5 . To:t}
z}lIfs If]qdf b]lvPsf ljBdfg ;d:ofx?, h:t}M sIff 5f]8\g] k|j[lQ, ljleGg cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs sf/0fn] ljBfnodf cfpg ;d:of ePsf afnaflnsf tyf sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/
pRr x'g' nufotsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ub{} ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{s|dsf] nIo
k|fKtLsf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]lbs/0fsf] cToGt} dxTj /xG5 .
#=@ ;sf/fTds
lje]lbs/0fsf l;4fGtx? M
§ ;f/e"t
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt,
§ ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGt,
§ /fHosf] bfloTj
;DalGw l;4fGt,
§ ;dfg cj;/sf]
l;4fGt,
§ ;zStLs/0fsf]
l;4fGt .
#=# ;sf/fTds
lje]lbs/0fsf pkfox? M
§ cf/If0f,
§ k|fyldstf,
§ ljz]if tflnd /
Ifdtf ljsf;,
§ ;x'lnot,
§ n}ª\uLs Gofo cflb .
$= ;sf/fTds lje]lbs/0f ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] gLlt tyf sfo{s|dx? M g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df x]g{] xf] eg] ljleGg sfnv08x?df ;sf/fTds lje]bsf sfo{x? x'b} cfO/x]sf]
b]lvG5 . en} To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds lje]b gelgPsf] xf];\ . g]kfndf o; ;DalGw eO;s]sf
/ clxn] eO/x]sf gLlt tyf sfo{s|dx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M - k'gZrM
oxfF sf]6f / 5fqj[lQ ;DalGw dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . _
;sf/fTds
lje]lbs/0fsf] P]ltxfl;s cj:yf M– o;
cGtu{t xfn ;DDf lgdf{0f ul/Psf tyf sfo{Gjog eO;s]sf gLlt tyf sfo{s|dx?sf]
af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
$=!=! /fhfsfn tyf/f0ffsfndf
5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf M– g]kfndf 5fqj[lQsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ lgofNbf o;sf] ;'?jft k[lYjgf/fo0f zfxsf]
kfnfaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . pgn] a'l4dfg l;+xnfO{ dfl;s ? @) 5fqj[lQ lbg] u/L kmf/;L
efiff l;Sg ef/t k7fPsf lyP . ;fy} a}os/0f s]z/LnfO{ k|lt dlxgf ? %) lbP/ ;+:s[t
k9\g k7fPsf lyP . o;/L x]bf{ g]kfndf 5fqj[lQsf] ;'?jft !* cf} ztfAbL b]vL g}
ePsf] kfOG5 .lzIffdf
;j{;fw/0fsf] kFx'r a[l4sf nflu eg]/ !($% df k|d lj/;dz]/sf] kfnfdf ;]tf] b/jf/
rn]sf] ;dodf ljBfyL{nfO{ lng / k'¥ofpg 3/d} n}hfg] tyf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ vfhfsf]
?kdf hn]jL, n8\8', k]8f lbg] Joj:yf lyof] . lj=;+= !($# df lj/zdz]/sf] kfnfdf
g} !)* a|fx\d0fnfO{ lgTo ef]hg u/fO{ j}lbs lzIff lbg t/fO{ / pkTosfsf] ljleGg
:yfgdf hUuf ;+sng u/fO{ ljBfno ;+rfng
u/LPsf] lyof] . To:t} lj/zdz]/n] cfˆgf 5f]/f u]x]Gb| zdz]/ tyf cGo % hgfnfO{
k|fljlws -OlGhlgo/Lª_ lzIff cfh{g ug{ 5fqj[lQdf hfkfg tyf afz'b]j pk|]ltnfO{
5fqj[lQdf /]Gh/ sf]if{ k9\g k7fPsf lyP . o;} ;dodf 5fqfx?sf] nflu 5fqfjf;sf]
klg Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . b]jzdz]/sf] kfnfdf b/jf/ xfO:s'n ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu v'nf ul/Ptfklg pRr
hftsf elgg] /f0ffx? tNnf] hft elgg] /}lt-hgtf_ ;Fu a;]/ k9\g'k5{ eg]/ k9\g cfpg
5f8]sf]n] ljBfyL{nfO{ ( d'/L wfg / dlxgfsf] ? % tyf kmfu' v]Ng ? @ / lbFp;f]sf]
vfhf vfg vr{ ;d]t Joj:yf u/LPsf] lyof] .
$=!=@ lzIff P]g, @)@* df
5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf M–
—
5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] M– g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lgDg dfWolds lzIff / dfWolds lzIffsf] nflu ljBfnodf egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{nfO{
tf]lsP adf]lhd 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
—
;+:yfut ljBfnon] 5fqj[[lQ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{{]{
M–;+:yfut ljBfnon] ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf s'n ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf bz k|ltztdf
g36\g] u/L tf]lsPadf]lhd ljkGg, ckfË, dlxnf, blnt jf hghflt ljBfyL{nfO{ lgMz'Ns
5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
$=!=#
/fl6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf, @)@* df 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf M–
§ u/La t/ h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{x?nfO{
lzIff kfpgdf ;xof]u ug{ tyf z}lIfs b[li6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf If]q / ju{sf afns
aflnsfx?nfO{ lzIff kfpgdf ;xfotf ug{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf u/Lg]5 .
§ h]x]Gbf/ tyf u/La ljBfyL{x?n]
u/Lljsf] sf/0fn] k9fO{ 5f]8\g gk/f];\ eGg] pb]Zon] k|fylds lzIffb]vL pRr lzIff
;Dd h]x]Gbf/ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf u/Lg]5 .
§ cfjZos ljifodf ljBfyL{nfO{ C0f
5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ug{ tkm{ ljrf/ ul/g]5 .
§ lk5l8Psf If]q / ju{ elg lzIff
dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] If]qsf s]xL afns aflnsfx?nfO{ klg 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fOg]5 .
§ of]hgfdf k9fO{ vr{ dfq lbg] /
k9fO{ / 5fqfjf; vr{ ;d]t lbg] ul/ @ k|sf/sf] 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
§ 5fqj[lQ lbFbf k|fljlws lzIff
kfpg]x?nfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 .
§ 5fqj[lQ lbgsf nflu 5gf}6 ug]{
tl/sf / 5fKg] clwsf/L lzIff dGqfnon] tf]Sg]5 .
§
ldq/fi6«x?df k7fOg] 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf M ;/sf/n] cfjZos ljifodf bIf
hgzlQm k|fKt u/fpgsf nflu ldq /fi6«x?df ljBfyL{nfO{ k9\gsf nflu 5fqj[lQ k|bfg
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
$=!=$ pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff
cfof]u @)%% df 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf M–
§ If]lqo 5fqj[lQM– k|To]s cWofog ;F:yfg,
dxfljBfnox?n] u|fld0f If]qsf ljBfyL{, ef}uf]lns b[l6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf ljBfyL{,
dlxnf ljBfyL{ / lk5l8Psf / ljkGg ju{sf ljBfyL{sf nflu s]xL :yfg log} ;d'xsf ljr
k|lt:kwf{ x'g]u/L tf]Sg'k5{ . ;/sf/nfO{ :jb]zL nufgLdf :yflkt dxfljBfnox?jf6 !)
k|ltzt tyf ljb]zL nufgLdf :yflkt dxfljBfnox?jf6 @) k|lt;t :yfgsf] ljt/0f ug]{
gLlt cjnDjg ug{ kf]T;fxg ug'{k5{ .
§ lgMz'Ns 5fqj[lQ M–;fwf/0f pRr lzIffsf ;DjGwg k|fKt
klAns SofDk;n] !) k|lt;t ul/a, h]x]Gbf/, ljz]if nlIft ;d'x tyf dlxnf
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lgMz'Ns 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . pQm 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpgsf
nflu cIfosf]if v8f u/fpg' kb{5 / ;f] cIfosf]ifdf cg'bfg cfof]ujf6 ;df+;sf]
cfwf/df yk cfly{s cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . t/ ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DjGwg k|fKt
u/L gLlh jf 6«:6sf ?kdf ;+rflnt SofDk;x?n] !) k|lt;t ljz]if nlIft ;d'x tyf
dlxnf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lgMz'Ns 5fqj[lt lbg] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .
§ 5fqj[lQM– k"j{k|fylds b]vL pRrlzIff
;Dd dlxnfx?nfO{ 5fqj[lQ tyf cGo ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog x'g'kb{5 .
pRr lzIffdf h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 .
§ ljz]if cfly{s k|aGwM–lstfa lsGg g;Sg] ljBfyL{x?nfO{
;xof]u k'of{pg k|To]s lzIffnodf lstfa a}+s :yfkgf ul/g' kb{5 .5fqj[lQ lbg],
z'Ns ldgfxf ug]{, lgMz'Ns 5fqfjf;sf] k|aGw ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ ul/g'kb{5 .
§ ljz]if z}lIfs Joj:yfM–ljkGg afnaflnsfx?sf nflu kl/j]z /
pko'Qmtf x]/L cNksflng ljBfnox?sf] sfo{qmd agfO{ ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .nlIft ;d'xnfO{
Wofgdf /fvL ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .
$=!=% lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(df
5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf M–
§ ljz]if lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] M– cGwf, alx/f, ;':t
dgl:ylt ePsf jf zf/Ll/ssf/0fn] ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if lzIff k|bfg ug{
;lsg]5 .
$=!=^
cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{s|d M
§ /fli6«o 5fqj[lQ
sfo{s|dsf] clt/LQm ljBfno lzIffdf ljBdfg n}+lus lje]bsf] b"/LnfO{ cem}
;fF3'/f] agfO{ ;dfgtfdf k'¥ofpg 6]jf k'uf];\ egL lzIff dGqfno, lzIff ljefun]
cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{s|d cGtu{t ljleGgsfo{s|dx? ;~rfng u/]sf]
lyof] . tL sfo{s|dx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= jflnsf lzIff sfo{s|d cGtu{t sIff
! b]lv sIff % ;Dd cWoog/t ^ b]lv !) jif{
pd]/ ;d'xsf jfnjflnsfx?sf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|L jfkt / ljBfno kf];fs l;nfpg nfUg]
Hofnf jfktsf] z'Ns lbg] Jojyf /x]sf] .
@= 5fqf k|f]T;fxg 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d
cGtu{t sIff % sf] lhNnf:t/Lo kl/Iffdf klxnf] b]lv bzf}F :yfg k|fKt ug{ ;kmn
5fqfx?nfO{ ? !))) sf b/n] k|bfg u/LGYof] . Ps jif{df &% j6} lhNnfdf hDdf
&%) hgfnfO{ of] 5fqj[lQ k|bfg u/LGYof] .
#= dfWolds lzIff 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d cGtu{t k|To]s lhNnfsf lk5l8Psf uflj;
l:yt dfWolds tx sIff ( / !) df cWoog/t 5fqfx?nfO{ dfl;s ? !@) sf b/n] !)
dlxgfsf] ? !@)) k|bfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
$= n}ª\uLs ;r]tgf sfo{s|d cGtu{t
sd{rf/Lsf nflu lzIffdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg ;xefuLtfaf/] ;r]t u/fO{ ;dfhaf6
n}ª\uLs lje]b pGd"ng ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] lzIff ljefusf] dlxnf zfvfn]
ljleGg lgsfosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ n}ª\uLs ;r]tgf sfo{s|d ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]
kfOG5 .
$=!=& cGo
5fqj[lQ sfo{s|dx? M– g]kfndf lzIffsf] lg/Gt/ ljsf; / ;a} ;d'bfosf]
;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu n]kfn ;/sf/ tyf lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t ljleGg
lsl;dsf 5fqj[lQx? k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . 5fqj[lQsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ x]g{] xf]
eg] lgDg lzif{sx?df 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$=!=&=!
/fli6«o 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d M– ljBfno
lzIffaf6 sf]lx klg jl~rt x'g gk/f];, ljr}df sIff 5f]8\g] kj[lQ sd xf]; /
cf}krf/Ls lzIffdf ;a}sf] ;dtf d'ns ?kdf ;xefuLtf /xf]; eGg] d'Vo p2]Zosf ;fy
lj= ;+= @)%( af6 b]ze/ ;~rfng ul/Psf] o; sfo{sd cGtu{t lgDg 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|dx?
;~rfngdf lyP M
! =k|fylds ljBfno ;Dk'0f{ 5fqf 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d
@= sf]6fdf cfwf/Lt kf|ylds ljBfno 5fqf 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d
#= :yfgLo 5fqf 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d
$ SofDk; 5fqfj[lQ sfo{s|d
%= blnt 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d
^= lj= ;+= @)$^ ;Dddf ;lxb ePsf JolQmsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu k"j{
k|fylds tx b]lv kL Pr 8L tx ;Dd lgoldt cWoog/t 5fq5fqfsf nflu 5fqj[lQ pknAw
u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .
$=!=&=@ dlxnf lzIff sfo{s|d cGtu{t @)@&
;fnaf6 o'lg;]kmsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf @)$* ;fn;Dd %& j6f lhNnfx?df ;sf/fTds
lje]bsf nflu lgDg sfo{s|dx? ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
!= lgoldt 5fqj[lQ
sfo{s|d,@= k|flj 5qj[lQ sfo{s|d,#= :yfgLo ljBfno 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d,$= z}lIfs :t/
j[l4 sfo{s|d,%=SofDk; 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d,^= dlxnf lzIff cg'udg 5fqj[lQ
sfo{s|d,&= k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{s|d /,*= ;fd'bflos hfu/0f sfo{s|d cfbL .
Dfly pNn]v ul/Psf
sfo{s|dx? ljBfnodf jfnjflnsfx?sf] ;xefuLtf a9fpg] p2]Zo lnP/ ;~rfng ul/Psf]
kfOG5 .
$=@ ;sf/fTds lje]b ;DalGw ePsf ljBdfggLltut
Joj:yfx? M
§ Gf]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] efu # df wf/f !@ b]lv #@ ;Dd @! cf]6f df}lns xsx?sf] Joj:yf
u/]/ ;a} gful/sx?sf] ;dfg ljsf;sf nflUf cfwf/ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] lyof] .
§ Gf]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f @ df ;sf/fTds lje]bsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] .
§ To:t} g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg @)&@ - d:of}bf _ df klg lk5l8Psf b'u{d If]q, v; cfo{, hghflt,
dlxnf, dw]zL, ckfª\u, blnt nufotsf nflu cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug{
;lsg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
§ ckfª\utf ePsf
ljBfyL{, sdhf]/ Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{, b[li6ljxLg ljBfyL{, ;'it >j0f ePsf
ljBfyL{x?sf nflu ljz]if lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] . o;sf nflu ljz]if ;'ljwf ePsf]
ljBfno ejg, sIffsf]7f, z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug{] Joj:yf ug'kg{] lzIff P]Gf
Tfyf lgodfjnLx?df pNn]v ul/Psf] .
§ cfjZostf cg';f/
lzIfs nufot hzlQmsf] of]hgf4 ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg ug{] GfLlt ckgfOPsf] .
§ k5fl8 k/]sf ljs6
lxdfnL lhNnfx?sf nflu 3'lDt ljBfnox?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
§ lzIffdf g]kfnL
efiffnfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf ?kdf k|of]u cfkm\g} dft[efiff ePsf jfnjflnsfx?sf]
kx'Fr a9fpg ljleGg @@ dft[efiffdf kf7\os«d tof/ ul/Psf] .
§ ;a}sf nflu lzIff
/fli6«o sfo{of]hgf th'{df ul/ sfo{Gjog ul/Psf] . h;df %) k|ltzt dlxnf ;fIf/tf
;'wf/ ug{] nIo /flvPsf] .
§ rfn' cfjlws Jfh]6
tyf of]hgfx?nfO{ n}lª\us d}lq agfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
§ Psn dlxnfx?sf nflu
ljz]if Joj:yfx? Ufl/Psf] .
§ ;dfj]zL lzIffgLlt
cg'?ksf] z}lIfs cj;/sf] Joj:yf .
§ ;dflxt lzIffsf
nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] cflb .
$=@=! /fHosf] gLltdf ;sf/fTds lje]b
;DalGw ul/Psf] Joj:yf M–
§ dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo /
/f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o, ljsf;df cflwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt
/fHon] cjnDjg ug]{5 .
§ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB;Dk|e'tf
/ /f]huf/Ldf lgZrLt ;dosf] nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kn]
lk5l8Psf]
cflbjf;L,
hghflt, dw];L, blnt nufot l;dfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gLsf dhb'/
ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{5 .
§ /fHon] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt,
dl':nd, dw]zL nufot cNk;+Vos, e'dLlxg, ;'s'Djf;L, sd}of, ckfË, lk5l8Psf If]q
tyf ;d'bfo / 4Gbsf lkl8tsf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{
gLlt /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{5 .
$=@=@ t]x«f}
of]hgfdf ;dflxt lzIffsf] nflu ul/Psf] Joj:yf M
/0fgLlt M–ljkGg ju{,
;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo / ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ lzIffdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ nlIft
sfo{s|dx? ;~rfng ug]{ .
sfo{gLltx? M
!=;a} txsf] lzIffdf
ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf tyf nlIft ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cf/If0f / 5fqj[lQ
nufotsf ljsNkx?sf] lj:tf/ ub{} Joj;flos tyf k|fljlws pRr lzIffdf ;x'lnt C0f
pknAw u/fOg] 5 .
@= u'?s'n, uf]Gkf / db/;faf6 ;~rfng
x'g] z}lIfs sfo{s|dx?nfO{ /fli6«o k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt ug{ dfkb08 /
k"jf{wf/sf] ;'wf/ ul/g] 5 .
#= l;dfGts[t, nf]kf]Gd'v tyf
lk5l8Psf] b'u{d If]qsf nflu 3'lDt ljBfno lzIffsf] Joj:yf ub{} ljBfnodf s'g} klg
s'/fsf] cfwf/df ul/g] lje]bnfO{ k"0f{t lgif]w ul/g]5 .
lzIffsf] If]qdf /fHo4f/f Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;sf/fTds lje]lbs/0f ;DalGw
sfo{s|dnfO{ lgDg a'bfFdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M–
$=@=# sf]6f
sfo{s|d M
$=@=#=! lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& -
;+zf]wg ;lxt _ df /x]sf] Joj:yf M–
§
lzIfs
;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg' kg]]{M– lzIfs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg;fd'bflos ljBfnodf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t
b/aGbLdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{x'g] lzIfs kbdWo] $% k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{
;f] k|ltztnfO{ zt k|ltzt dfgL b]xfosf pDd]bjf/x¿ aLrdf dfq 5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{
u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 M–
-s_ dlxnf M– ## k|ltzt
-v_ cflbjf;L÷hghflt M– @& k|ltzt
-u_ t/fO{–dw]zdf a;f]af; ug]{
dw];L,cflbjf;L÷hghflt, blnt, lk58f ju{jf cNk;+Vos d';ndfg ;d'bfo M– @@ k|ltzt
-3_ blnt M– ( k|ltzt
-ª_ ckfË M– % k|ltzt
-r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q M– $ k|ltzt
$=@=#=@ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] /fHosf x/]s txdf ;dtfd"ns k|ltlglwTjnfO{
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df;'lglZrt u/L /fHonfO{ ;dfj]zL jgfpgsf nflu dlxnf, cflbjf;L
hghflTf, dw]zL, blnt, ckfª\utf ePsf JolQm tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu klxnf] k6s
$% k|ltzt cf/If0fsf] ?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . $% k|ltztnfO{ ;tk|ltzt dfg]/
lgDgcg';f/ sf]6f ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
dlxnf –## k|ltzt,cflbjf;L hghflTf
–@& k|ltzt,dw]zL –@@ k|ltzt,blnt –( k|ltzt,ckfª\u –% k|ltzt / lk5l8Psf]
If]q –$ k|ltzt .
$=@=#=# lzIff
ljefuaf6 ;~rfng eO/x]sf jt{dfg 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|dx? M
!= 5fqf 5fqj[lQ M lzIfdf ;a}
jfnjflnssf] kx'Fr tyf ;dGoflostf :yflkt ug{, n}ª\lus ;dljsf;sf] jftfj/0f tof/
ug{ / u'0ffTds lzIffdf ;xof]u ug{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|dsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf]
. ;fd'bfos ljBfnodf cfwf/e"t tx sIff !—* ;DDf lg/Gt/ cWoog/t ;a}
5fqfx?nfO{ jflif{s ? !%)—^)) ;Dd kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
@= s0ff{nL c~rnsf
5fqfx?sf nflu 5fqj[lQ Ms0ff{nL c~rnsf cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg tyf ;fdflhs ?kn]
lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf aflnsfnfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] d'nwf.df ;dflxt u/L ljBfnodf
lgoldt u/fO{ dfWolds tx ;Ddsf lzIff k'/f u/fpg] nIo /fv]/ ljt/0f ul/Psf] . h;
cg';f/ sIff !—* ;Dd cWoog/t 5fqfx?nfO{ dfl;s ? !,)). sf b/n] !) dlxgfsf] ? !,)))
/ sIff ( / !) df cWoog/t 5fqfx?nfO{ dfl;s ? !,%). sf b/n] !) dlxgf a/fa/sf] ?
!,%)). pknAw u/fpg] Joj:Yff /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;lxbsf
5f[/f5f]/Lsf nflu 5fqj[lQ M;lxbn] /fi6«sf nflu k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub{}
pgLx?sf] ;Gtltx?sf nflu k"j{ k|fylds txb]lv pRr tx;Ddsf] cWoogdf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpgsf nflu of] 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|dsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . ;fd'bflos tyf
;+:yfut ljBfnnodf cWoog.t ;lxbsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ k"j{ k|fylds tx sIff !—%
;Ddsf nflu dfl;s ? !,))). sf b/n] ! jif{sf] ? !@,)))., cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff
^—!) ;Dd cWoog ul//x]sfnfO{ k|ltdlxgf ? !,%)). sf b/n] !jif{sf] ? !*,))) / pRr
dfWolds tx sIff !! b]lv pRRf tx ;DDf cWoog ul//x]sfnfO{ k|ltdlxgf ? @,))). sf
b/n] !@ dlxgfsf ? @$,))). pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf 5 .
$= dfWolds lzIff
5fqj[lQ M k|fylds tx pQL0f{ u/]sf u/La tyf ;'lawf ljlxg ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{x?
ljz]if ul/ 5fqfx?nfO{ lgdflj tyf dflj txsf] lzIffsf] kxF'r k'¥ofO{ dfWolds
tx;Ddsf] lzIff k'/f u/fpg ;xof]u ug{] p2]Zon] of] 5fqj[lQ /flvPsf] xf] . of]
5fqj[lQ sIff ^—!) ;Dd cWoog/t ljBfyL{x? dWo] ul/a tyf ;'ljwf ljlxg afnaflnsf,
blnt, sd}of, ul/aLsf] rfkdf k/]sf, la:yflkt, hgcfGbf]ngsf 3fOt]sf
5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ lhNnf 5fqj[lQ ;ldltn] ljBfno txdf sf]6f
lgwf{/0f u/]/ k7fpn] / ljBfnon] pQL0f{ ePsf / sDtLdf *) k|ltzt pkl:ylt /x]sf
ljBfyL{nfO{aflif{s ? !,&)).sf b/n] 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
%= lkm8/ 5fqfjf;
sfo{s|d Maflnsfx?nfO{ dfWolds b]lv pRr lzIffsf] kx'Fr / ;dtf ;'lglZrt ug{ /
dlxnf lzIfssf] Go"gtfnfO{ s|dzM kl/k"lt{ ug{ of] cfjfl;o 5fqj[lQ
sfo{s|dsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . o; sfo{s|d cGtu{t 5fqfjf;df j:g]sf nflu k|lt
dlxgf ? !,%)). sf b/n] !) dlxgfsf] 5fqj[lQ nufot cj;Lo Joj:yfkg u/fOPsf] 5 .
^= b'u{d lxdfnL
cflbjf;L 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d M b]zsf b'u{d lhNnfx? d':tfª, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, uf]/vf,
tfKn]h'ª, ;ªv'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', /;'jf, bfr{nf lhNnfx?sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ nlIft
u/]/ ;~rfng ul/Psf] . b'u{d lhNnf cfjf;df a:g] ljBfyL{x?sf nflu k|ltdlxgf ?
!,*)). sf b/n] !) dlxgfsf nflu 5fqj[lQ ;lxt cGo Jofj:yfkg vr{ ;d]t pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] .
&= nlIft ;d"xsf ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lQM of] 5fqj[lQ
tf]lsPsf @@ hghflt / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ lzIffdf kxF'r / ;dtf
;'lglZrt ug{ k|bfg ul/G5 . cfwf/e"t txdf k|ltjif{ k|ltljBfyL{ ? $,)). b]lv ? ^,)). ;Dd / dflj
txdf ? !,&)). sfb/n] ljBfnoaf6 ljt/0f ul8/G5 .
*ckfª\utf ePsf
ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|dM ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{s|d cGtu{t sIff !
b]vL !) ;Dd / ljz]if lzIff kl/ifb cGtu{t pRr lzIff ;d]tdf ckfª\utf ePsf
ljBfyL{x?sf] cWoog cj;/ ;'lglZrt ub{} u'0ffTds lzIffdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpgsf
nflu of] 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d /x]sf] 5 .ckfª\utfsf] k|ls|lt x]/L 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{]
cfwf/ b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 M
s >]0fLsf] ckfª\utf 5fqj[lQ M
3/af6 cfjt hfjt ug{ g;Sg] jf 8]/f u/L j:g' kg{] cj:yf ePsf ljs6lxdfnL lhNnfx?sf
nflu k|lt ljBfyL{ k|ltdlxgf ? !,%)). sf b/n] !) dlxgfsf] ? !%,))). / kxf8 tyf
t/fOsf lhNnfx?df k|lt ljBfyL{ k|ltdlxgf ? !,#)). sf b/n] !) dlxgfsf] ? !,#))).
dfq .
v >]0fLsf] ckfª\utf 5fqj[lQ M
dfgjLo ;xof]u / ;fwg Pjd\ pks/0f lg/Gt/ ?kdf cdjZos kg{] ckfª\utf ePsfx?nfO{ k|ltdlxgf
k|ltJolQ ? %,)). sf b/n] !) dlxgfsf] ? %,))). pknAw u/fpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
u >]0fLsf] cuffª\utf 5fqj[lQ
Ms'g} ;fwg jf pks/0f k|of]u ug{] cj:yf ePsfnfO{ k|ltdlxgf k|ltJolQ ? #,)). sf
b/n] !) dlxgfsf] ? #,))).
3 >]0fLsf] ckfª\u 5fqj[lQ M
;fdfGo vfnsf ckfª\utf ePsfsf nflu k|lt dlxgf k|lt ljBfyL{ ? %). sf b/n] !)
dlxgfsf] ? %,)).
(= blnt 5fqj[lQ
sfo{s|dM g]kfn ;/sf/af6 blnt egL tf]lsPsf ;d'bfosf cfwf/e"t tx sIff !
b]lv * tyf dfWolds tx sIff ( b]lv !@ df cWoog ug]{;Dk"0f{ blnt
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ of] 5fqj[lQ k|bfg u/Lg] Joj:yf /x]sf] . jflifs ?kdf ? !,%). b]lv
? ^,)). ;Dd k|bfg ul/g] . ljleGg cfwf/af6 ul/Psf] juL{s/0f adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/
k|ltJolQ of] 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ul/G5 M
5fqj[lQ kfpg]
ljBfyL{lxdfnL If]q kxf8L If]q t/fO{ tyf gu/kflnsf If]q
:6]zg/L dfq kfpg] ? @,)). ?
!,&%. ? !,%).
Kff]zfs dfq kfpg] ? $,)). ?
#,%). ? #,)).
b'j} kfpg]
? ^,)). ? %,@%. ? $,%).
sIff ( / !) df cWoog/t ;a} blnt
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cGo 5fqj[lQ ;+u gbf]xf]l/g] u/L k|ltjif{ ? %,)). b/n] ljBfnon]
k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .!)= gd"gf ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu 5fqj[lQ
sfo{s|d M of] 5fqjlQ sfo{s|d ;nf{lx, sf7df08f}, sfl:s / s}nfnL lhNnfdf
;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o;df cWoog ug{ 5gf]6 ePsf ljBfyL{sf nflu dfl;s ? !,*)). sf
b/n] !) dlcgfsf] 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
!!= 4Gb lk8Ltsf
nflu 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|dM 4G4sf cjlwdf ;f] sf] sf/0f d[To" eO{ /fHosf tkm{af6
lghsf xsbf/nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fOPsf, a]kQf ePsf / %) k|ltzteGbf a9L 4G4lkl8tsf
a9Ldf tLghgf ;Gtfgx?nfO{ lhNnfsf] 5fqj[lQ l;kmfl/; ;ldltn] l;kml/; u/] adf]lhd
!* jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 M
§ k|fylds tx ?
!),))).
§ lgdflj tx ?
!@,))).
§ Dflj tx ? !$,))).
§ pRr dflj tx ?
!^,))).
!@= d'Qm sdn/Lsf nflu 5fqj[lQ / Ifdtf clej[4L sfo{s|dM of] sfo{s|d
cGtu{t s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, afFs], bfª / ;'v{]t lhNnfdf /x]sf g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'Qm
3f]if0ff u/]sf sdn/Lx?sf nfuL 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .h'g lgDg adf]lhd
ljt/0f ul/G5M
§ cfwf/e"t txsf
nflu dfl;s ? !,)). sf b/n] !) dlxgfsf] ? !,))).
§ dflj txsf nflu ?
!,&)).
!#= clt ljkGg
dfWolds lzIff 5fqj[lQ M cNk;+Vos, l;dfGts[t tyf k5f8L k/]sf clt ljkGg
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L of] 5fqj[lQ sfo{s|d ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{s|d
lk5l8Psf !% lhNnfdf kl/If0fsf ?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . h;df pdf tx sIff !! / !@
sonflujflif{s ? %,))). / cfjf;Lo ljBfyL{sf nflu k|ltdlxgf ? !,%)). sf b/n] !)
dlxgfsf] ? !%,))). pknAw u/ffpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
%= lgisif{ M– Dffly rrf{ ul/P
cg';f/ cNk;+Vos, l;dfGts[t, ul/a, ljs6,
b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf jfnjflnsf nufot cflbjf;L, dw]zL, blnt, dlxnf,
ckfª\utf ePsf jfnjflnsfx?nfO{ lzIffsf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt u/fpg] pQ/bfloTj
k"/f ug{sf lglDt /fHosf tkm{af6 ljleGg sfo{s|dx? ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ .
tyfkL oL sfo{s|d tyf sfo{gLltx? sfo{Gjog ug{] u/fpg] ;Gbe{df ljleGg ls;Ldsf
d'4fx? b]vf k/L/x]sf 5g . sltko o:tf d'4fx?r'gf}TfLsf ?kdf ;d]t :yflkt eO;s]sf
5g\ . h:tf]M /fHo4f/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf sfo{s|dx?sf] cg'udg / k|efjsf/Ltfsf]
d"Nofª\sg ug{ lglZrt lgsfo tf]lsPsf] 5}g . ;sf/fTds lje]bn] jf:tljs ?kdf
;d]6\g' kg{] ;d"bfo jf ju{sf] klxrfg x'g ;s]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] ;jfnx? e]6\g
b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gfddf /fHon] sfo{gLlt agfpb}df To;n] cfkm}
sfo{Gjog ug{] xf]Og . o;sf nflu /fHosf] ;a} If]q ljif]z u/L b'u{d / k5fl8 k/]sf
If]qx?df cfjZos ?kdf ;+oGqx?sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5}g . t;y{ ljs]Gb«Ls[t ;sf/fTds
lje]bsf] gLlt tyf sfo{s|dx? ;~rfng ug{' kg{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy}
;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt lgdf{0f / sfo{Gjogsf] ;jfndf lgDg lnlvt k|Zgx? cg'Q/Lt
b]lvG5g\ M
§ s] ;sf/fTds
lje]bsf] l;4fGtn] jf:tljs ?kdf tf]lsPsf] ;d'bfo jf JolQmnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5 t
<
§ s] l;ldt ?kdf
tf]lsPsf] cf/If0f – - sf]6f _ n] k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfo, dlxnf, ckfª\u tyf
lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ ;fFrf] cy{df ljsf;sf] d"nwf/ ;Dd k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] 5 t<
§ cfkm}df ;Ifdtf
ePsf k|ltefzfnL JolQm df ljBfyL{nfO{ ;sf/fTds lje]bn] s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 <
§ s] tf]lsPsf]
;d'bfonfO{ cf/If0f k|bfg ubf{ o;n] ;w}el/ ;sf/fTds k|efj g} kf5{ t <
§ ;dfj]zLtfsf] nflu
lbOPsf] ;'ljwf slxn] ;Dd <
§ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
gLltn] sfo{:yndf e]befjnfO{ k>o t lbO/x]sf] 5}g <
%
sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO
!_ kl/roM ;fdfGotof lzIf0f
l;sfO{sf] lqmofsnfkdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;lqmo ;b:osf ?kdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{ /x]sf
x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf lglZrt ?kdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr x'g] cGtlq{mofaf6 k|fKt x'g]
cg'ej lzIf0f l;sfOg] .s'g} klg ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;/n / k|efjsf/L / j}1flgs ?kdf
k|:t't ug'{ nfO{ g} Teaching elgG5 . lzIf0f l;sfOsf] sfd ul/g] d'Vo 7fpF eg]sf] g} sIffsf]7f
xf] . hj ;Dd sIffsf]7fnfO{ ljBfyL{sf nflu pko'Qm agfpg ;lsGb}g, ta ;Dd l;sfO
x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] lzIf0f l;sfO{ eGgfn] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] nflu sIffsf]7fsf]
jftfj/0fLon] ;d]t k|efj kfb{5 . lzIf0f l;sfO{ eGgfn] lzIfs ljBfyL{ jftfj/f0f /
ljifoj:t' larsf] cfk;L cGt{/lqmof xf] .lzIf0f l;sfOsf] nflu lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf
pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g' k5{ ;fy} ?lr, Ifdtf / cfjZostf cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO
ul/g' k5{ ;fy} ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / cfjZostf cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO ul/g' k5{ .
o;/L eGg ;lsG5 ls sIffsf]7f lzIfs xf] . h'g sIffsf]7fleq lzIfs ljBfyL{ / z}lIfs
;fdu|L / ljlwlar cGt{lqmof x'G5 To;nfO{ g} lzIf0f l;sfO elgG5 .
@=
på]Zo M
s= sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd kQf
nufpg
v= sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsf] jt{dfg /0fgLtLsf] vf]h
ug{
#= ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffM
dfgj
;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmd ;Fu;Fu} s'g} g s'g} ?kdf l;Sg] / l;sfpg] sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf]
dflgG5 . ljleGg hLjhGt'n] klg gofF gofF jftf/0f ;do cg';f/ x'g{ g a9\g /
afFRgsf] nflu ;fyL tyf jfnaRrfnfO{ ljleGg s'/fx? l;sfO /x]sf x'G5g\ . l;Sg] /
l;sfpg] sfdsf] ;'?jft cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s / lgoldt ?kdf qmdzM ljsf; eO/x]sf]
dfGg ;lsG5 . k|flrg ;do lzIfsnfO{ 1fgsf]
;|f]t, eujfgsf] cjtf/sf] ?kdf lng] ul/GYof] / lzIfsn] h] k9fof] ToxL lzIff xf]
eGg] ul/GYof] / lzIfssf] sf]7fleqsf] l;sfO l;ldt /x\of] . cfkm\gf cfjZos jf
kl/k"lt{ / oyfy{k|lt em'sfj b]lvG5 . lzIf0f ljifoj:t'nfO{ Plss[t ?kdf geO{
k[ysLs/0f u/]/ lzIf0f l;sfO ul/GYof] /
ljBfyL{sf] OR5f ?lr Ifdtf cfjZostfnfo Vofn ul/Fb} lzIfsaf6 1fgo'Qm ;|ft] ;fwg
s7f]/ s7f]/ kf7\oqmdsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] jf}l4s Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
glthfs]lGb|t b]lvGYof] .;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} dfgj ;f]rdf ;d]t gljg kl/jt{g cfof]
kmn:j?k lzIffdf gljg d'No dfGotfsf ;fy cufl8 a9\of] . u'?s'n lzIff x'Fb}
cf}krfl/s ljBfnosf] lzIffsf] ljsf; eof] sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k[ysLs/0f
ljlwdf lbOof] . cf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljBfyL{ / lzIfslarsf] cfk;L ;dGjo x'g] 7fpF
g} sIffsf]7f xf] . To;}n] sIffsf]7fleq ljBfyL{nfO{ k|efjsf/L lzIff lbg] sfd
lzIfsn] ug'{k5{ . To;}n] ljBfyL{sf ?lr, Ifdtf, cfjZostf cg';f/sf] 1fg, l;ksf]
ljsf; u/L ;dflhs jftfj/0fdf ;dfof]lht ug'{ g} sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO xf] .
sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|ultjfb / lgdf{0fjfbsf ;fy} ljBfyL{nfO{ lzIf0f ug'{
p;sf] bfloTj xf] .;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu;Fu} lzIff lbg] / lng] k|lqmof kl/jt{g eof]
. g]kfndf cf}krfl/s l;4fGtsf] ;'?jft eof] lj=;= !(#$ df tTsflng /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
/0ff]låk l;xFn] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] yfngL eof] eof] / sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO
cufl8 a9]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} wL/ zDz]/n] ltg wf/f kf7zfnfsf] kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . olt a]nf lzIff ;j{JofkL lyPg / lzIf0f k|efjsf/L agfpg s'g} gLlt
lgod ;d]t lyPg sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOdf j]b Jofs/0f, Hof]ltif 3f]sfpg] kl/kf6L
lyof] . ljBfyL{df ?lr, cfjZostfx?nfO{ :t/sf] lzIff lbg] gLltn] lj=;= !(!) df
cª\u|]hL lzIffsf] ;'?jft ul/of] / To;sf] k|efjsf/L lzIff lbg] p4]Zon] Russ nfO{ ;'kl/j]Ifs
;d]t lgo'Qm u/]sf] kfOG5 . Tolt a]nf lzIf0f l;sfO JofVof ljlwsf] k|of]u
ul/GYof] ljBfyL{sf] Joj:yf u/L lzIfsn] dgk/L lzIf0f u/L lzIfsn] s8f oftgf lbP/
lzIf0f l;sfO u/]sf] kfOG5 .cfw'lgs ;dodf sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO Plss[t
ljifoj:t' ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlw bf]xf]/f] cGt/lq{mof lzIf0fsf ;fy}
lzIfsn] kbk|bz{gsf] sfd u/L lzIf0fnfO{ lbuf] / k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5
.sIffsf]7f lzIf0fdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{ ljr cfk;L cGtlq{mof ug'{sf ;fy} ;lqmo
;xefuL u/fpg ljBfyL{sf] tx, ?lr, Ifdtf / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] klg
k|of]u ul/G5 . ljBfyL{sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug{sf nflu sIffsf]7f lzIf0f cfjZos
b]lvG5 . cfw'lgs cj:yfdf ljBfyL{sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ gLltsf ?kdf lzIf0f ljlw
kf7\oqmdsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . cª\u|]hLdf Pp6f egfO 5 "If the
learners have not learn the teacher not
though" o;/L sIffsf]7f
lzIf0f l;sfOsf] ;jf{lª\u0f ljsf; u/fpg] k|efsf/L dfWod g} sIffsf]7f lzIf0f
l;sfO xf] .
#=! cjwf/0ff (Concept)M lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nfuL lzIfs lgb]{lzsf afnd}qL ljBfno cfjZostf tyf kf7\oqmdx?
klg ;do ;fGble{s x'g'kb{5 . sIffsf]7fdf ul/g] lzIf0fl;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpg plrt
lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg' eGbf cufl8 Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/fx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
-s_ sIffsf]7fsf] pko'Qm 9Ën] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
-v_ ljBfyL{x?sf]
?lr, cfjZostf, rfxgfnfO{ dWogh/ ug]{ .
-u_ ;fdfu|Lsf] pknJwtf tyf To;nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{
hgzlQmnfO{ Wofg lbg .
-3_ lzIfs cfkm\gf] ljifoj:t' / lzIf0f sfo{df
lgk"0f{ x'g' kb{5 .
-ª_
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;lqmo agfpgsf nflu ljleGg lzIf0f ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ug]{ .
dflysf s'/fnfO{ Vofn u/L Pp6f
lhDd]jf/L lzIfsn] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{sf nflu sIffsf]7f leq lzIfs, ljBfyL{ /
z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljrdf cfk;L ;dGjo ug'{ g} sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO xf] . lzIfsn]
s;/L ljBfyL{ ;dIf ;fdu|L k'¥ofpg] eGg] s'/f g} lzIf0f l;sfO{ xf] . csf]{ cy{df
eGg' kbf{ sIffsf]7f leq lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / ;fdu|L larsf] cGtlqm{of g} lzIf0f
l;sfO xf] . lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu lglZrt p4]Zo, j}1flgs
ljifoj:t', ef}lts;fdu|L, kf7\ok':ts ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L, kf7\oqmdsf] cfjZostf kb{5
.lzIf0f l;sfOsf] sfo{ynf] g} sIffsf]7f xf] . hj;Dd sIffsf]7fnfO{ k|efsf/L agfpg
;lsFb}g ta;Dd cy{k"0f{ l;sfO x'g ;Sb}g . k|flrg ?kdf sIffsf]7fdf
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fvL s8f cg'zf;gdf /fv]/ k9fpg] rng lyof] t/ clxn]
sIffsf]7f l;sfOdf ljBfyL{ lzIfs / ;fdu|Lljr cfk;L ;dGjo u/L lzIf0f
ul/g'nfO{ sIffsf]7f l;sfO elgG5 . sIffsf]7f
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ljBfyL{sf lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ / pgLx?sf] pd]/, ?lr,
Ifdtf, cfjZostf cg';f/ lzIf0f ul/g'k5{ Tof] dfq} k|efjsf/L lzIf0f x'G5 .
sIffsf]7fdf k|efjsf/L / Jojxfl/s, j}1flgs, hLjgpkof]uL / ;fGble{s lzIf0f
l;sfOsf nflu ljBfyL{df ?lr, Ifdtf, :t/, pd]/, cfjZostf ;fy;fy} ljljw lzIf0f
;fdu|L lzIf0f ljlw, kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L, tflnd k|fKt lzIfs,
ef}lts jftfj/0fsf] ;d]t cfjZos kb{5 . To:t} sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOdf ljBfyL{ /
z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljr tfnd]n ldn]sf] x'g'kb{5 . sIffsf]7f lzIf0f lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{
k|efjsf/L / lbuf] agfpgsf] nflu jfnd}qL lzIf0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .hj;Dd
sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOdf z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]udf ljz]if Wofg lbFb}gg\ . tj;Dd
k|efjsf/L l;sfO x'Fb}g . To;}n] lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L,
p4]Zod"ns, Jojxfl/s, hLjg pkof]uL / lbuf] agfpg ljBfyL{sf] :t/ Ifdtf, ?lr
cg';f/sf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To:t} sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agpg afnd}qL sIffsf]7f / lzIf0f
;fdu|Lsf] ;d]t cfjZostf kb{5 .o;sf ;fy} ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOk|ltsf] wf/0ff pgLx?sf]
?lr, Ifdtf / cfjZostf kb{5 . lzIfsn] sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOdf ljBfyL{nfO{
;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg lbnfpg ljljw lzIf0f ljlw, ;fdu|L lzIfs lgb]{lzsf
cflbsf] k|of]u u/L l;sfO{df pTk|]/0ff u/fpg' kb{5 . clg dfq To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L
lzIf0f / ;do ;fGble{s l;sfO{ jf hLjg l;sfO dfGg ;lsG5 .
#=@ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f
l;sfOsf ljz]iftfx?
–
lzIfs ljBfyL{lar kf/:kfl/s cGtlqm{of x'g],
–
nIo / p4]Zo k"j{ ?kdf lgwf{l/t ul/Psf],
–
lglZrt ljifoj:t'df dfq s]lGb|t eO lzIf0f ug'{kg]{,
–
lzIf0fsf nflu lglZrt ;dtf ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf],
–
k"j{ lgwf{l/t kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t eO{ lzIf0f ul/g]
ePsfn],
–
lzIf0f / l;sfO ljifoj:t' eGbf jflx/ ghfg],
–
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx? k"j{ ?kdf lgwf{l/t,
–
lzIfs / ljBfyL{ ljr ;sf/fTds ;DaGw :yfkgf x'g],
–
ljBfyL{sf] jf}l4s :t/ Wofg lbP/ lzIf0f ug{ ;lsg],
–
sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsf] nflu k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{ ;lsg] .
#=# sIffsf]7f
lzIf0f l;sfOsf k|sf/M sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{snfk u/fpFbf s'g} klg
ljifosf] cWofkg sfo{ ;'rf? ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ ljBfyL{sf] :t, tx, pd]/, Ifdtf
cflbsf ;fy} ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf, lzIfs ;+Vof, lzIfssf] of]Uotf / :t/ cflbsf]
cfwf/df lzIf0f ug'{kb{5 . jf:tjdf lzIf0f eg]sf] ljleGg z}Ifl0fs Pj+ ef}lts
;fdu|Lx?sf] ;xof]udf lzIfs ljBfyL{ / jftfj/0fjLr x'g] cGt/lq{mof xf] . To;}n]
sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f ubf{ s:tf] z}Ifl0fs ;+u7g /f]Hg] jfrg ug]{ eGg] s'/f
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts cj:yf lzIfs ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf cltl/Qm
ljBfyL{sf] :t/ / Ifdtfdf e/ kb{5 t;y{ ljBfnodf ;~rflnt sIff ;+Vof pknJw lzIfs
;+Vof, ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;'ljwf, ljifosf] k|s[lt, ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, lzIfssf] ljifo
kl/k"lt{sf] bIftf cflb ;a} kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ lzIf0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 b]zsf]
ef}uf]lns l:ylt ljljw x'g' . ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfs ;+Vof, ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;'ljwf,
ljifosf] k|s[lt ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, lzIffsf] ljifo k"lt{sf] bIftf cflb ;a}
kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ lzIf0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 b]zsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt ljljw x'g'
. ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfs ;+Vof ;dfg'kflts ?kdf ;a} ljBfnox?df afF8\g sl7g x'g'
l;sfpg'kg]{ ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pknJwtf / cg'knJwtf Pjd
ef}uf]lns ;|f]t ;fwgdf kfOg], ljljwtf tyf ljleGgtfsf] cfwf/df lzIf0fsf
k|sf/nfO{ lgodfg';f/ jlu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
!_ sIff lzIf0f l;sfO @_ ljifo lzIf0f l;sfO #_ ax'sIff lzIf0f l;sfO
!_ sIff lzIf0f l;sfO M sIffsf]7f
lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{snfk ubf{ Pp6f sIffsf ;a} ljifox? Pp6} lzIfsaf6 cWofkg u/fOg]
lzIf0f Joj:yf sIfflzIf0f xf] . o; lzIf0f Joj:yf ;a} ljifox? Pp6} lzIfsaf6 cWofkg
ul/G5 . o; lsl;dsf] lzIf0f k|fylds txsf lgldQ pko'Qm dflgG5 . o; k|sf/sf]
lzIf0f Joj:yfn] ljBfyL{x?df ck]lIft l;sfO pknlJwx? xfl;n ug{ d4t ldNb5 . k|To]s
afnssf] af/]df lzIfsn] /fd|/L a'em\g kfpg] ePsfn] ;–;fgf afnaflnsfx?sf nflu
lzIf0f l;sfO Joj:yf Jojxfl/s Pj+ pkof]uL x'G5 . o; cGt{ut z}lIfs ;qe/L g} Pp6}
sIffsf lgldQ Ps}hgf lzIfsaf6 ;Dk"0f{ ljifox? cWofkg ul/G5 . o; k|sf/sf]
lzIfsaf6 lzIfs / ljBfyL{ljr lgs6 ;DaGw sfod x'G5 h;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{x?df ljBfno
5f8]/ hfg] k|j[lQ sd x'G5 . / ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, kf7sf] k|s[lt / jftfj/0f cg'?k
lzIf0f ubf{ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOdf ljBfyL{x?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf ;fy} lzIf0f
k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
@= ljifo lzIf0f l;sfOM sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f
l;sfO sfo{snfk ubf{ leGgf leGg} lzIfsn] cWofkg u/fpg] Joj:yf g} ljifo lzIf0f
l;sfO xf] . o;df ljifo lzIfssf] cWofkg u/fpg] Joj:yf g} ljifo lzIf0f l;sfO xf]
. o;df ljifo lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] bIftf ePsf] ljifo dfq cWofkg u/fpF5 . To;}n]
ljifo lzIf0f k|fylds :t/df Tolt k|efjsf/L dflgGb}g . lsgeg] o; lsl;dsf] lzif0f
Joj:yfdf ljleGg ljifox? 5'6\6f5'6\6} cWofkg ul/g] x'Fbf l;sfO sfo{ Plss[t ?kdf
ePsf] x'Fb}g . ljifo lzIf0f d"ntM pkNnf txsf sIffx?sf nflu pkof]uL dflgG5
. pkNnf txsf sIffsf ljifoj:t' Pp6} lzIfsn] lzIf0f ug{ g;lsg] x'Fbf sIfflzIfs
x'Fb}g eGg] ljifoj:t'sf] hl6ntf sl7gfO{ b[li6ut ug{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf lzIf0f
ug}{kg]{ x'gfn] jx'sIff lzIf0f l;sfO ug'{ klg ;fGble{s x'Fb}g . g]kfndf
kl/k|]Iodf bIf / ;Ifd lzIfssf] kl/k"lt{ ;xh gx'Fgfn] klg ljifo lzIf0f g}
pko'Qm b]lvPsf] ePklg x/]s ljifosf nflu 5'§f5'§} lzIfs pknlJw u/fpg sl7g ePsf] 5 . o:tf]
lzIf0fdf k|To]s sIffsf nflu lglb{i6 sIffsf]7f clgjfo{ ?kdf pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 .
cWofkg ;donfO{ lbgsf] ;dodf ljleGg lk/Lo8df afF8]/ lzIf0f ul/G5 . g]kfnsf]
kl/k|]Iodf of] 9fFrf Jofks tyf /fli6«o ?kdf g} k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
#_ jx'sIff lzIf0fM lzIfsn]
sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f l;sfO ubf{ ljBfyL{x?sf] :t/nfO{ cfwf/ dflg b'O{ jf b'OeGbf
a9L sIffsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ Pp6} sIff cg';f/ lzIfs gePsf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof sd ePsf]
ljBfnodf lsl;dsf] lzIf0f gePsf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof sd ePsf] ljBfnodf o; lsl;dsf]
lzIf0f Joj:yf pkof]uL x'G5 . sd lzIfs ePsf] ljBfnodf o; lsl;dsf] lzIf0f Joj:yf
pkof]uL x'G5 . sd lzIfs ePsf] ljBfnodf o; lsl;dsf] lzIf0f Joj:yf pkof]uL x'G5 .
sd lzIfs ePsf] ljBfnodf sIff ;~rfngsf nflu ckgfOg] ljlw cGtu{t kg]{ ePsf]n]
g]kfnsf k|foM ljBfnodf To:tf] l:ylt x'Fbf o;nfO{ a9L pkof]uL dflgG5 . o; lzIf0f
Joj:yf cGtu{t Ps}hgf lzIfsaf6 Ps} 306Ldf PseGbf a9L sIffx?df cWofkg ul/G5 . o;
lzIf0fdf Ps}hgf lzIfsaf6 a9L sIffdf Ps} k6s ;xeflutf x'g] x'Fbf k|fylds txsf
lgldQ of] ljlw pkof]uL dflgG5 . g]kfn ef}uf]lns b[li6n] ljs6 b]z ePsf]n] ljs6
u|fld0f e]usf ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof / lzIfs ;+Vofsf] sdL x'g] x'Fbf To:tf
7fpFdf of] lzIf0f Joj:yf Hofb} pkof]uL dflgG5 .
#=$ sIffsf]7f
lzIf0f l;sfOsf l;4fGt
;+1fgjfb (Cognitivism): ;+1fgjfbsf cg';f/
sIffsf] lzIf0f l;sfO eg]sf] JolQmsf] h}ljs Ifdtf / ef}lts jftfj/0f ljr x'g]
cGtlqm{ofsf] glthf xf] . h;df k|TolIfs/0f cGtb[{li6 a'emfO cflb h:tf kIfn]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 eg]sf 5g\ . ;+1fgjfbLx?sf cg';f/ lzIf0f
l;sfO{df cGt{k|If]k0f ljlwnfO{ k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ul/g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf 5g\ .
logLx?n] sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{n] l;Sgsf] nflu l;sf?sf] Jojxf/ hlxn] klg
p4]ZopGd'v x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf 5g\ h;n] l;sfOdf dfgl;s k|lqmofsf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 / cGtb[{li6, ;'em, k|TolIfs/0f cflbn] klg
sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efj klg ub{5 . ;+1fgjfbLx?n]
jlb{d/ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ l;sf?sf] a'emfOnfO{ afwf / cj/f]w k'¥ofpg]
lzIf0f /0fgLlt eg]sf] ;+of]hgjfbdf cfwfl/t /0fgLlt xf] . o:tf /0fgLltx? :d/0f
ug]{, 3f]Sg] cEof; tyf l8«n cflb kb{5g\ . h;n] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efj
kfb{5 To;sf/0f ;+1fgjfbLx?sf] dfGotf sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO eg]sf] g} JolQmsf]
h}ljs Ifdtf / ef}lts jftfj/0f ljr x'g] cGt/lqmofsf] glthf xf] . sIffsf]7f
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof xf] eg]sf 5g\ .
Jojxf/jfb (Behaviorism): ojxf/jfbL dfGotf
cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfOn] cg'e"ltjfb ;Fu} ;DjGw /fv]sf] x'G5 lsg eg] cg"e"ltjfbn]
klg h] b]lvG5 . ;'lgG5, :jfb kfOG5 . yfxcf kfOG5 Tof] g} ;xL 1fg xf] eGg]
dfGotf //x]s]f 5 . To;}n] Jojxf/jfbLn] klg l;sfO{ eg]sf] 5 . l;sfOn] j:t'ut
?kdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] / kl/jt{g x'g g} lzIf0f l;sfO xf] eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
o; dfGotf cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO eg]sf] l;sf?sf] jfXo cleJolQm xf] jf jfXo
jftfj/0fdf jf Jojxf/df b]lvg] kl/jt{gnfO{ g} sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO hlxn] klg
pl4ks / k|lts[of ljrsf] ;DjGwaf6 x'g] ub{5 hlt a9L sIffsf]7fdf pl4ks /
k|ltlqmof u/fof] Tolt g} lzIf0f l;sfOdf ljBfyL{sf] ?lr a9L x'G5 / ljBfyL{df
l;sfO klg a9L g} x'G5 . To;}n] jfXo kl/jt{g g} sIffsf]7fdf ul/g] lzIf0f l;sfO
xf] . To;}n] lzIf0f l;sfO eg]sf] g} Jojxf/df cfpg] kl/jt{g xf] lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{
hlxn] klg pl4ks / k|ltlqmofsf] cfjZostf k5{ o;/L g} lzIf0f l;sfO x'G5 eGg]
dfGotf Jojxf/jfbLsf] /x]sf] 5 .
lgdf{0fjfb (Constructism)M afns jf l;sf?n]
cfkm\gf] 1fgsf] lgdf{0f cfkm}F ub{5 eGg] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ljsl;t l;4fGt g}
lgdf{0fjfb xf] . To;}n] lgdf{0fjfbLsf cg';f/ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO eg]sf] jfns
jf l;sf?n] cfkm\gf] jftfj/0fdf cGtlqm{of u/L 1fg jf l;knfO kl/dfh{g dfq gu/Lsg
1ft / l;ksf] cfh{g ug{ sfd klg ub{5 clg dfq To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ul/g] lzIf0f
l;sfO elgG5 . lgdf{0fjfbdf lzIf0f l;sfO x'gsf nflu l;sf?n] cfkm}FnfO{ k'gM
vf]hL ug'{k5{ k|efjsf/L eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf 5g\ To;}n] sIffsf]7fdf k|efjsf/L
lzIf0f l;sfO x'gsf nflu afnsn] h] a'em\5 / h] l;S5 To;af6 g} 1fgsf] lgdf{0f ug{
;S5 eg] Pp6f sIffsf]7fdf /x]sf] l;sf?n] ;fdflhs tyf j}olQms lqmofsnfkaf6 1fg
lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 . To;sf/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 . To;sf/0f lgdf{0fjfbsf cg';f/
sIffsf]7f lzIf0 l;sfO eg]sf] g} JolQm jf l;sf?n] h] l;S5 jf a'em\5 To;}sf]
cfwf/df w]/}h;f] 1fgsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 jf sIffsf]7fdf k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfO x'G5
eGg] ljZjf; lgdf{0fjfbLx?sf] /x]sf] 5 .
$=!= sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmdM ;fdfGtof sIffsf]7f
lzIfs , ljBfyL{ / z}lzs ;fdfu|L{ ljrdf cfkl; cGtlqmof g} sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO xf] . sIffsf]7f leq
s;/L z}If0fLs ;fdfu|Lsf] k|uf]u
ljbfyL{n] af]w ub{5 To;nfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO elgG5 . sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOdf lzIfsn] K|fefjsf/L / lbuf] lzIf0f nflu cfjZos
lzIf0f ljlw z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;dosf] kl/j{tg
;uF+;u} lzIff lng] / lbg[ k|lqmof kl/j{tgg eof] / cff}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jft
ePsf] kfOG5 . k|frLg sfndf u'?s'n lzIff 3/ kl/jff/ 5/l5d]saf6 lng] / lbg] sf{o
ePsf] kfOG5 . lzIfssf] cf>d :yndf uP/ lzIff lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;
;dodf lzIfsn] lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw , ljifo
s]lGb|t ljlwsf] k|of]u ub{Yof] s7f]/ 3f]sGt] ljlw , l;ldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u
u/L lzIf0f ul/GYof] . ;do kl/j{tg x'b} uof] / ?lr cfjZostf ylkb} uP . To; kl5 cfP/ ljBfyL{s]lGb| ljlw , l;sf?sf ?lr
Ifdtf nfO{ ljif]z Wofgdf /flvG5 g]kfndf lj=;= !(#$ df cf}krfl/s ?kdf lzIffsf]
k7gkf7gsf] :yfkgf ul/of] / lzIf0f l;sfO
nfO{ ljBfno / sIffsf]7fleq s]lGb|t b]lvof] To;}sf sf/0f sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
ljleGg gLlt of]hgf tof/ u/]/ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf]
nflu b/af/ :s'nsf] :Kyfkgf ul/of] / ?;f] nfO{ ;'kl/j]Ifsdf lgol'Qm u/fof] /
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;do ;fk]If kl/j{tg x'b} uPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L sIffsf]7f lzIf0f
l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]zn] ljleGg ;dodf of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf]
kfOG5 .
sIffsf]7f
lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg z}lIfs jftfj/0f;u;u} >Jo b[Zo ;fdfu|Lsf]
k|of]u ug{ k|l/t u/]sf] 5 –lzIff cfof]u
@)!!_ oxfF af6 s] eGg ;lsG5 sL sIffsf]7f lzif0f l;sfOsf] nfuL lzIf0 ljlw
;fdfu|L rflxG5 .sIffsf7f lzIf0f l;sfOnfO j}1flgs ljlwaf6 ;~rfng ug{sf] nfuL
kf7|oqmd kl/j{tg zlIf0f ljlw cflbsf]
k|of]u cfjZos kb{5 . –lzIff ;ldlt @)!* _ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg lzIffnfO lbuf] agfpgsf nflu dft[efiffsf ;fy;fy} lzIfsnfO tflndsf] Joj:yf
>Jo b[zo ;fdfu|sf] lgdf0{f u{g k5{
-lzIff k2lt of]hgf @)@* _lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{
sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg dft[efiffdf lzIff cfjZos kb{5 .
;fy} >Jo b[Zo ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]udf klg
hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .sIffs]f7fdf Jojl:yt l;sfOsf] nfuL tflnd k|fKt lzIfs
kf7\|oqmd lzIf0f ljlw z}If0fLs ;fdfu|Lsf xgkb{5 .- lzIff cfof]u @)%% _o;/L
sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu tflnd k|fKt lzIfs lzIf0f
ljlw cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/osf] kfOG5 .
Jff:tjdf sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO nfO{ k|efjsf/L / lbuf] Jojl:yt agfpgsf] nflu
l;sf? s]lGb|t ljlw cl8of] lel8of] ljlw afnd}ql jftfj/0f sIffsf7fsf] jftfj/0f
a;fO{ xfjf, k|sfzsf] Joj:yfn] klg lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efj kfb{5 . To:t} _
sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lzIffnfO lbuf] agfpgsf nflu
dft[efiffsf ;fy;fy} lzIfsnfO tflndsf] Joj:yf >Jo b[zo ;fdfu|sf] lgdf0{f u{g
k5{ . _lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg dft[efiffdf lzIff cfjZos kb{5 .
$+=@ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsf jt{dfg gLltM ;dosf] kl/j{tg
;u+;u} lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf klg kl/j{tg cfPsf] kfOG5 .klxn] lzIf0f l;sfOdf 3f]sGt] ljlw a}b\bLs ljsf;df
fhf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .t/ clxn] afnaflnsf l;sf? s]lGb|t ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Psf]
dgfOG5 . Jojxf/jbL ,dgf]jfbL ,;+1fgfTdsjfbL h:tf l;sfO l;b\bfGtsf] k|of]u ul/G5
. sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s} nflu jt{dfg cj:yfdf ljBfno
If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -@)^^ _ To:t} /fli6«o kf7|\oqmnd k|f?k - @)&@ _ cflbsf]
e'ldsf clj:d0fLo b]lvG5 . sIffsf]7f lzIf0f
l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s} nflu k|To]s sIffsf] nflu Pp6f cnu cnu sIffsf]7f ,sIffsf]7fleq
ljBfyL|sf[] :t/ pd]/ tyf kmlg{r/ lzIf0f ljlw z}lIfs ;fdfu|L ,afnd}qL lzIf0f v]n
ljlw clegO ljlw cjnd]sg ljlw cl8of] ,lel8of] >Jo b[Zo ;fdfu|L sIfsf]7fsf]
Joj:yfkg sIffsf]7fsf] cfsf/ cflbsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ul/gkb{5 .-ljBfno If]q
;wf/ of]hgf @)^^_ . Jff:tjdf sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO nfO{ k|efjsf/L / lbuf]
Jojl:yt agfpgsf] nflu l;sf? s]lGb|t ljlw cl8of] lel8of] ljlw afnd}ql jftfj/0f
sIffsf7fsf] jftfj/0f a;fO{ xfjf, k|sfzsf] Joj:yfn] klg lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efj
kfb{5 . To:t} _ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lzIffnfO lbuf]
agfpgsf nflu dft[efiffsf ;fy;fy} lzIfsnfO tflndsf] Joj:yf >Jo b[zo ;fdfu|sf]
lgdf0{f u{g k5{ . _lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{
Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
dft[efiffdf lzIff cfjZos kb{5 . To:t} afnd}qL lzIff j}1flgs lzIff ;d]t hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .
%_ lgis{ifM ;fdfGtof sIffsf]7f
lzIfs ljBfyL{ / z}lzs ;fdfu|L{ ljrdf
cfkl; cGtlq{mof g} sIffsf]7f lzIf0f
l;sfO xf] .sIffsf]7f leq s;l/ z}If0fLs ;fdfu|Lsf] k|uf]u ljbfyL{n] af]w ub{5
.To;nfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO elgG5 . sIffsf]7f
lzIf0f l;sfOdf lzIfsn] K|fefjsf/L /
lbuf] lzIf0fsf[ nflu cfjZos lzIf0f ljlw z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] kfOG5
. ;dosf] kl/j{tg ;u+;u} lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf klg kl/j{tg cfPsf] kfOG5
.klxn] lzIf0f l;sfOdf 3f]sGt] ljlw
a}b\bLs ljsf;df fhf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .t/ clxn] afnaflnsf l;sf? s]lGb|t ljlwsf]
k|of]u ul/Psf] dkfOG5 . Jojxf/jbL ,dgf]jfbL ,;+1fgfTdsjfbL lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{
k|efasfl/ agfpgsf nflu sIffsf]7f leq lzIfsn] cfj:os ;fsfu|Lsf] k|of]u ub{5 .
sIf.sff]7f lzIf0ff l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ljljw lzIf0f ljlw ;fdfu|Lsf
k|of]u ub{5 . sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfO nfO{ k|efjsf/L / lbuf] Jojl:yt agfpgsf]
nflu l;sf? s]lGb|t ljlw cl8of] lel8of] ljlw afnd}qL jftfj/0f sIffsf7fsf]
jftfj/0f a;fO{ xfjf, k|sfzsf] Joj:yfn] klg lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efj kfb{5 . To:t} _
sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lzIffnfO lbuf] agfpgsf nflu
dft[efiffsf ;fy;fy} lzIfsnfO tflndsf] Joj:yf >Jo b[zo ;fdfu|sf] lgdf0{f u{g
k5{ . _lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn]
;~rfng ug{ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg dft[efiffdf lzIff
cfjZos kb{5 . . To:t} sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
lzIffnfO lbuf] agfpgsf nflu dft[efiffsf ;fy;fy} lzIfsnfO tflndsf] Joj:yf >Jo
b[zo ;fdfu|sf] lgdf0{f u{g k5{ . lzIf0f
l;sfOnfO{ JojlLyt tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{ sIffsf]7f lzIf0f l;sfOsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg dft[efiffdf lzIff cfjZos kb{5 .
6.
LICENSING
!= kl/roM s'g}klg sfo{ ug{sf nflu s'g} JolQm, ;+:yf
jf lgsfo ;Ifd 5 jf 5}g\ eg]/ d"Nofª\sg u/L tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 k'/f ug{;s]
;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 k|dfl0ft u/]/ k|bfg ul/g] b:tfjh÷sfuhkq g} cg'dlt xf] . cyf{t\
s'g} sfo{ ug{ jf ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf nflu To;sf] Ifdtfsf] k"j{ kl/If0f kZrft\
dfkb08 k'/f ug{ ;Ifd jf of]UonfO{ k|bfg ul/g] :jLs[lt g]} cg'dlt xf] . æcg'dlt
eg]sf] s'g} sfdsf/jfO{ cflbsf nflu kfOg] jf lbOg] :jLs[lt, cfb]z, cf1f, x's'd
g} cg'dlt xf]Æ -g]kfnL j[xb zJbsf]z_ . cg'dlt k|0ffnLn] s'g}klg sfo{ ug]{ JolQm
jf ;+:yfnfO{ lglZrt\ lgoddf jf bfo/fdf afFWg] sfo{ ug{'sf ;fy} Jojl:yttf k|bfg
ug]{ ub{5 . JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] ljleGg p2]Zo lnO{ ug{ rfx]sf sfo{snfkdfly
lgu/fgL /fVb} ;/sf/L tj/af6 :jLs[lt k|bfg ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .;]jf k|bfg ug]{
p2]Zon] ljleGg If]qdf ljleGg 9ª\af6 cg'dlt lng] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . ;]jfsf
k|s[ltsf cfwf/df cg'dltsf k|s[lt / dfkb08 klg km/s km/s /x]sf] kfOG5g\ . ;jf/L
rfns cg'dltkq, Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] nflu cg'dltkq, pBf]u snsf/vfgf ;~rfng cg'dltkq,
z}lIfs ;+:yf :yfkgfsf] cg'dlt tyf lzIf0f cg'dltkq nufotsf ;]jfsf] k|s[lt
cg'?ksf ljljw cg'dltx? k|of]u k|rngdf 5g\ . cg'dltsf] k|d'v p2]Zo egsf] s'g}klg
JolQm jf ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ lgoddf afFw]/ sfd st{Jo ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' /x]sf] x'G5 .
o:tf] ;]jf k|bfos lgsfon] Pp6f l;dfleq jf bfo/fleq /x]/ sfd st{Jo lgjf{x u?g
tyf of]Uo jf sfo{ ug{ ;Ifdn] dfq sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u?g eGg] p2]Zo cg'dltsf]
/x]sf] x'G5 . z}lIfs If]qdf klg ljBfno vf]Ng], sIffyk ug]{ / lzIf0fsf nflu
lnOg] cg'dlt h:tf Joj:yf sfod ePklg of] zLif{s cWofkg cg'dltkq ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
olx cWofkg cg'dltdf s]lGb|t /xL o;sf nflu sfod ul/Psf jt{dfg ;/sf/L gLlt lgod
Pj+ ;do ;Gbe{ cg';f/ o;;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ p7]sf d'2fx?df cfwfl/teO{ of] cWoogkq
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]ZoM
s= g]kfndf cWofkg cg'dltkq ;DaGwL sfod ul/Psf
jt{dfg ;/sf/L gLlt lgodx?sf] klxrg ug{' .
v= g]kfndf cWofkg
cg'dltkq ;DaGwL b]vfk/]sf ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg ug{' .
#=!cWofkgcg'dltsf]
cjwf/0ffM g]kfnsf] z}lIfsOltxf;nfO{ dWogh/ubf{ k/Dk/fut ;dodf;/sf/L tj/af6 eGbf
klg gLlh If]qaf6 lzIffsf] ljsf; ePsf kfOG5 . g]kfndf k/Dk/fut ;oddf kfl/jfl/s
lzIff k|0ffnL cGtu{t Ps k':tfaf6 csf{] k':tfdf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf
x:tfGt/0f ug{] kl/kf6Laf6 lzIffsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . To;l5 ljleGgd7dlGb/x¿,
cf>d, u'Daf tyf ljxf/x¿nfO{ lzIffsf] s]Gb|sf ¿kdf lng yflnof] . o:tf wfld{s
ljBflk7sf ;~rfns tyf qmdsf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6} x'g]
ub{Yof] . To:tf ljBfkL7sf ;~rfns jf u'?sf cf1f g} Toltv]/sf] jt{dfg ;dosf] P]g
lgod h:tf] x'GYof] . pQm ;dodf s'g} lnlvt gLlt lgod eGbf klg u'?sf df}lvs jf0fL
g} gLlt lgod dfGg] ul/Yof] . lj:tf/} 1fg cfbfg k|bfgsf] qmdn] ult lng yfNof] .
t/ g]kfndf Jojl:yt z}lIfs gLltsf] cefjn] Jojl:yttf k|fKt ug{ ;s]g . pQm ;dodf
s]xL JolQmut kxndf ljleGg gfdaf6 s]xL ljBfkL7x¿ :yfkgf eP / To;sf] ;~rfngsf]
;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L :jod\ ;~rfns g} lng] ub{y] . ljZjsf] z}lIfs If]qn]
ultzLntf
k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg g]kfnL lzIff ljsf;n] ult k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg . ljleGg
v08x¿df ljeQm g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f tyf To;kl5sf /fhgLlts 36gfqmd / ultljlwn] z}lIfs If]qdf
/fHokIfaf6 vf;} rf;f] k'u]sf] b]lvb}g . tTsflng /f0ff k|wfgdGqL hª\uaxfb'/
/f0ff lj=;+= !(!) df a]nfot e|d0faf6 kmls{;s]kl5 pgn] :yfkgf u/]sf] b/jf/
:s'nn] g]kfnL z}lIfs If]qdf gof“ cfofd yKg d2t u¥of] . To;kl5 z}lIfs ultljlwdf
ultzLntf b]vf kg{ yfNof] . h;sf] kmn:j¿k ljleGg 7fp“x¿df JolQmut ¿kdf
efiff kf7zfnfx? v'Ng yfn] . aemfªL /fhf hok[YjL axfb'/ l;+x / k|=d= b]jzdz]/sf]
;+o'Qm kxndf lj=;+=!(%& df g]kfnL kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0f tyf efiff kf7zfnfx¿sf]
:yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfnL z}lIfs If]qdf yk jn k'¥ofpg] sfd eof] . To;kl5 ;':t ;':t
ultdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] g]kfnsf] z}lIfs ultljlwn] lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf]
k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf;“u} tLj|tf kfpg yfNof] . @))& ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g
kl5 z}lIfs If]qdf klg ;'wf/sf] rf;f] a9]/ uof] / hgtfdf klg lzIff lng' k5{ eGg]
wf/0ffn] Jofkstf kfof] . oxL hgrf;f]nfO{ dWogh/ ub{} lj=;+= @)!) ;fndf æg]kfn
/fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]uÆ sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 z}lIfs ultljlwnfO{ Jojl:yttf
k|bfg ug'{k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; eof] . To;kl5 tLj| ultdf :yfkgf eO/x]sf
z}lIfs ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ lglZrt bfo/fdf /fVg'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff ;“u;“u} lzIff If]qdf
lqmofzLn JolQm tyf ;+3;+:yfnfO{ /fli6«o d"nwf/df ;dflxt ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy
ljBfno :yfkgfsf] nflu ;/sf/L cg'dlt, sIff]Gglt / lzIf0fsf nflu cg'dltsf] Joj:yf
x'g'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; eof] . To;kl5 ;/sf/L kIfaf6} ljBfno :yfkgf,
cWoog cWofkgsf nflu cg'dlt lng'k5{ eGg] Joj:yf x'g yfn]kl5 cg'dlt lng] k|rng
b]vfk¥of] . o:tf] Joj:yfn] z}lIfs ultljlw / lzIf0f lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg]
ePsfn] z}lIfs If]qnfO{ Jojl:yttf k|bfg ug{ cg'dltsf] cfjZostf /xg k'u]sf] dxz';
ul/of] . oxL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/L u/L lj=;+= @)@# ;fndf k|yd k6s jfUdtL, gf/fo0fL /
u08sL c~rnsf @) lhNnfx¿df k|fylds txsf] lzIfs x'g rfxg]x¿sf nflu cg'dlt
lng'kg{] Joj:yf nfu' u/L cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] Joj:yf sfod eof] . To;kl5 lj=;+=
@)@* sf] …/fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgfÚ df cWofkg cg'dlt kqnfO{ sfg'gL ¿k k|bfg
ul/of] . o;/L x]bf{ g]kfnsf] lzIff ljsf;n] h'g ult k|fKt ug'{ kb{Yof] Tof] ult
k/Dk/fut ;dob]lv k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf;Dd k|fKt ug{ g;s]sfn] z}lIfs gLlt lgoddf klg
To:tf] rf;f] hfg ;s]g . To;kl5 hgr]tgf km}lnb} uPkl5 x\jfQ} v'n]sf z}lIfs
;+:yfsf] Jo:yfkg tyf dfkb08 sfod ug{sf nflu lzIffdf cg'dlt eGg] cjwf/0ffsf]
ljsf; x'g uof] . o:tf] cg'dltsf] ljsf;n] z}lIfs lqmofsnfknfO{ Pp6f lglZrt
bfo/fdf af“Wg] sfd ug{] ePsfn] cg'dltsf] cjwf/0ff ;sf/fTds ¿kdf cufl8 a9]sf] kfOG5
.
#=@
cWofkg cg'dltsf ljz]iftfx?M cWofkg cg'dlt eg]sf] lzIf0f ug{ of]Uo 5
jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{] Ps dfkb08 xf] . o;n] h'g;'s} JolQmn] cWofkg
ug{ ;Sb}g, of]Uo / bIf JolQmn] dfq cWofkg ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 .
cg'dltsf] dfWodaf6 bIf tyf of]Uo hgzlQmnfO{ dfq lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;xeflu
u/fO k|efljsf/L lzIf0f xf];\\ eGg] Wo]o af]s]sf] x'G5 . o;n] JJolQmsf] Ifdtfsf]
klxrfg u/L To;sf cfwf/df lzIf0fsf nflu of]Uo / cof]Uosf] lgwf{/0f ug{] x'“bf
of] z}lIfs If]qdf pko'Qm /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . o;sf ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\
!= cWofkg
cg'dlt kqaf6 of]Uo / bIf lzIfssf] 5gf]6 ug{df ;xhtf sfod x'G5 .
@= o;n]
z}lIfs lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ jf lzIf0f ug{ lglZrt dfkb08 sfod ub{5 .
#= o;n]
of]Uo, bIf / cg'elj JolQmsf] 5gf]6df ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 .
$= o;n]
gLlt, lgodsf] kl/rfngnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 .
%= o;n]
lzIfssf] k]zfut bIftfnfO{ clej[l4 u/fpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
^= lzIfs
;]jf cfof]un] lng] lnlvt k/LIffdf pQL0f{ x'g ;s] dfq cg'dlt k|fKt x'G5 .
&= of]
Psrf]6L k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 bL3{sfnLg x'G5 .
*= of]
lzIfs lgo'lQm k|lqmofnfo{ Jojl:yt kfg{] cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
(= o;df
lglZrt txsf] nflu lglZrt of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] x'g' kg{] Joj:yf sfod 5 .
!)= o;n]
z}Ifl0fs lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ d2t ub{5 .
#=# cWofkg
cg'dltsf k|sf/M jt{dfg lzIff
lgodfjnL cg';f/ cWofkg cg'dlt kq b'O{ lsl;dn] ljt/0f ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
lglZrt tf]lsPsf] ;dosf nflu k|bfg ul/g] cg'dlt kq tyf :yfoL ¿kdf k|bfg ug{]
ul/G5 . o;/L x]bf{ cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf k|sf/x¿nfO{ lgDg b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 M
s_ :yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq
v_ c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq
s_ :yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkqM lzIf0f ;]jfdf
k|j]z ug'{eGbf k"j{ lgwf{l/t z}lIfs of]Uotf k'/f ul/;s]sf] / lzIfs ;]jf
cfof]un] lng] lnlvt k/LIffdf ;xefuL eO{ pQL0f{ ePsf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ lbOg] cg'dlt
g} :yfoL cWofkg cg'dlt kq xf] . cfof]un] tf]s]sf] of]Uotf k'/f u/]kl5 pQm
cfof]usf] k/LIffdf ;kmn k/LIffyL{nfO{ lbOg] bL3{sfn;Ddsf] nflu dfGo x'g] tyf
gjLs/0f ug'{ gkg{] cg'dlt g} :yfoL cWofkg cg'dlt kq xf] . o:tf] cg'dlt Ps k6s
k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 ;DalGwt lgsfon] lgodsf] kl/jt{g gu/]sf] cj:yf;Dd tyf tf]lsPsf
lgodx¿sf] kl/kfng ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf k'gM cg'dlt lng' kb{}g .
v_ c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkqM lglZrt ;dosf nflu
dfq k|bfg ul/g] cg'dltnfO{ c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dlt kq elgG5 . cyf{t\ ljz]if
cj:yfdf lglZrt ;dosf nflu csf{] Joj:yf gx'Gh]n;Ddsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] cg'dltnfO{
g} c:yfoL cg'dlt elgG5 . o:tf] cg'dlt k|fKt JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] ;doleq cfof]usf]
k/LIffdf ;xefuL eP/ :yfoL cWofkg cg'dlt kq lng' kg{] Joj:yf 5 . cfof]un] csf{]
Jjoj:yf gul/lbP o:tf] cg'dlt lglZrt ;dodf :jtM vf/]h x'g] Joj:yf 5 . g]kfndf
…/fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]uÚ -@)$(_ / k"j{ To;kl5 s]xL ;dodf c:yfoL
cWofkg cg'dltkq ljjt/0f ul/Psf] tyf cTolws dfqfdf /x]sf] ePtf klg jt{dfg ;dodf
eg] o;sf] l:yl lzlyn eO;s]sf] 5 .
$=!
jt{dfg sfg'lg gLlt lgodx?M g]kfnlzIf0f clwsf/kq -cWofkg
cg'dltkq_ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf lj=;+= @)@# ;fndf ;j{k|yd afUdtL, gf/fo0fL / u08sL
c~rnsf @) lhNnfx?df k|fylds txsf] lzIfs x'g rfxg]x?sf nflu nfu" ul/Psf]
xf] . g]kfndf k|yd k6s z}lIfs If]qdf o:tf] Joj:yf sfod ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5
gofF lzIff nfu" ePkl5 lzIff P]g @)@* df cWofkg cg'dltkq ;DaGwL lgDg
Joj:yf sfod ul/Psf] 5 M
!!=ª cWofkg
cg'dltkq lng'kg]{ M -!_ of] P]g k|f/De ePkl5
cfof]uaf6 cWofkg cg'dltkq glnO{ s;}n] klg lzIfs kbsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5}g\ .
-@_
cfof]un] cWofkg cg'dltkq lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;"rgf k|sfzg
u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_
pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k/LIffdf ;kmn ePsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ cfof]un] cWofkg cg'dltkq
lbg]5 .
-$_ of]
P]g k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsnfO{ cfof]un of] P]g k|f/De ePsf
ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq lbg]5 .
-%_
pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq kfPsf] lzIfsn] kfFr jif{leq cfof]uaf6
:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq lng' kb{5 .
-^_
pkbkmf -%_ jdf]lhdsf] Dofbleq :yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq lng g;s]df c:yfoL lzIfsx?
:jtM cjsf; x'g]5g\ / :yfoL lzIfsnfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd cjsf; lbOg]5 . lo dflysf
Joj:yfx? lzIff P]gsf ;ftf}F ;+zf]wgåf/f yk ul/Psf x'g\ eg] lzIff tyf v]ns'b
;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g @)^# åf/f yk ul/Psf x'g\ h'g lgDgfg';f/
5g\ M
-^=s_ o;
bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg lj1fg, ul0ft / cª\u|]hL ljifodf
cWofkg cg'dltkq lnPsf] JolQm pknAw geO{ b'u{d If]qsf ljBfnodf To:tf ljifo k7g
kf7g x'g g;s]df jf cWofkg cg'dltkq glnPsf c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ of] pkbkmf k|f/De
ePkl5 x'g] klxnf] lj1fkg adf]lhd x'g] k|ltoflutfdf efu lng] k|of]hgsf nflu
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf 5'6\6} k/LIff ;~rfng u/L c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq lbg ;Sg]5 .
-^=v_
pkbkmf -^=s_ adf]lhdsf] c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq dWo] b'u{d If]qdf cWofkg ug{
lbOg] cWofkg cg'dltkqsf] cjlw b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-&_ cWofkg cg'dltkq ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
o;}u/L
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)%& sf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk ub}{ kl/R5]b
tLgdf cWofkg cg'dltkq tyf lzIfs lgolQmsf l;kmfl/; ;DaGwL Joj:yf o; k|sf/
ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
-^=s_
cWofkg cg'dltkq ;DaGwL Joj:yf -!_ cfof]un] cWofkg cg'dltkq lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu
====== lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng ug{' kg]{5 . To:tf k/LIff k|fylds, lgDg dfWolds /
dfWolds txsf lzIfssf nflu 5'§f5'§} ;~rfng ug{' kg]{5 . pklgod -!_ adf]lhd
cfof]un] lnlvt k/LIffsf] nflu b/vf:t a'emfpg' kg]{ ;dofjlw, b/vf:t b:t'/,
b/vf:t a'emfpg] :yfg, k/LIff ;~rfng x'g] ldlt, ;do / s]Gb| ;d]t pNn]v u/L
;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;'rgf k|sfzg ug{'kg]{5 .
-#_
pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g rfxfg] JolQmn] ;f] ;"rgfdf
tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf b/vf:t a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-$_
pklgod -#_ adf]lhd k/]sf] b/vf:t 5fgljg ubf{ l/t k'u]sf] b]lvPdf cfof]un]
b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'gsf] nflu k|j]zkq lbg'kg]{5 .
-%_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd
;~rfng x'g] lnlvt k/LIffsf] k"0ff{ª\s Ps ;o / pQL0ff{ª\s rfln; x'g]5 .
-^_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;~rflnt k/LIffdf ;kmn x'g]
JolQmnfO{ cfof]un] cg';"rL –@ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf :yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq
lbg]5 .
-&_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] k/LIff ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf
cfof]un] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-*_ cfof]un] lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 lzIfsx?sf] ljj/0f
dfu u/L ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsnfO{ cg';"rL @ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf c:yfoL
cWofkg cg'dltkq lbg' kg]{5 .
o; lgodfjnLsf]
klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] yk u/]sf] Joj:yf -^=v_ axfnjfnf lzIfsnfO{ lbOg] cWofkg
cg'dltkq ;DaGwL Joj:yf -!_ lgod -^s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf
lzIfsdWo] dfWolds ljBfno tyf lgDg dfWolds ljBfnosf] k|wfgfWofkssf nflu lhNnf
lzIff clwsf/L, k|fylds ljBfnosf] k|wfgfWofks tyf cGo ;a} lsl;dsf lzIfssf nflu
lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L jf lghn] tf]s]sf] clws[taf6 sIff cjnf]sg jf o:t} cGo
k|of]ufTds k/LIff lng nufO{ To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ cg';"rL— @ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf
:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq lbOg]5 M
-s_ of] lgod
k|f/De x'Fbfsf] jvt jxfnjfnf :yfoL lzIfs
-v_ of] lgod
k|f/De x'g' cl3 :yfoL lzIfs kbsf] nflu ePsf]
k/LIffdf
;kmn eO{ of] lgod k|f/De ePkl5 lgoQm x'g] lzIfs
kfFrf}F
;+zf]wgåf/f yk u/L cWofkg cg'dltkq k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf
-u_ k'gM
jxfnL ePsf] :yfoL lzIfs
-3_ v08 -s_
k|f/De xF'bfsf] jvt :yfoL lzIfs eO{ s'g} sf/0fn]
cWofkg
cg'dltkq lng g;s]sf lzIfs .
To;}u/L
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)%& klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] yk u/]sf] Joj:yf o:tf]
/x]sf] 5 M
-^=u_ cWofkg cg'dltkq ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M o;
lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cfof]un] lzIfs lgo'lQmsf] nflu
Go"gtd of]Uotf k'u]sf t/ lgod _(_ adf]lhdsf] tflnd glnPsf JolQmnfO{ lzIfs
kbdf c:yfoL lgo'lQm ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ ;f] cGtjf{tf{df ;kmn
ePdf cg';"rL— @ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq lbg ;Sg]5 . t/
To:tf] cWofkg cg'dltkq cfof]uaf6 :yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkqsf nflu klxnf] k6s
lnOPsf] k/LIffsf] k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ePkl5 /2 x'g]5 .
To;}u/L lzIff lgodfjnL t];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf -^3_ cWofkg
cg'dltkq lngsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g g;Sg]M
-!_ b]xfosf]
JolQm cWofkg cg'dltkqsf] nflu lnOg] k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] 5}g\ M
-s_ u}x|
g]kfnL gful/s
-v_ !* jif{
pd]/ gk'u]sf]
-u_ duh
lju|]sf]
-3_ g}lts ktg
b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6 s;'/bf/
7xl/Psf]
-ª_ eljiodf
;/sf/L gf]s/L jf lzIfs ;]jfsf] nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g]
u/L
;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf]
-r_ lgod (
adf]lhd tflnd glnPsf]
-5_ lgod (
adf]lhd z}lIfs of]Uotf gePsf]
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf]
v08 -s_ / -v_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf] JolQm of] pklgod
k|f/De ePkl5 cWofkg cg'dltkqsf] nflu lnOg] klxnf] k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg]5 M
-s_ ;+jt\ @)$&
;fn j}zfv ! ut] eGbfcl3 lzIfs kbdf lgo'lQm kfO{ of] lgod k|f/De x'Fbfsf jvt ;Dd
lg/Gt/ ?kdf sfd ul//xsf] u}/ g]kfnL gful/s
-v_ ;+jt\ @)%@
;fndf k|sflzt lj1fkg jdf]lhd :yfoL ?kdf lzIfssf] kb k"lt{ x'Fbf c:yfoL
lzIfsaf6 x6\g uPsf] JolQm
-u_ of] lgod k|f/De x'Fbfsf] avt c:yfoL
lzIfssf] x}l;otn] sDtLdf Ps jif{b]lv sfd ul//x]sf] JolQm .
o; jfx]s o;} lgodfjnLsf] kfFrf}F
;+zf]wgåf/f yk Joj:yfx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\
-@=s_ pklgod -!_
sf] v08 -h_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;DalGwt ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx
pQL0f{ u/]sf] JolQm dfWolds txsf] lzIfs
cWofkg cg'dltkqsf nflu lnOg] k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] 5 . t/ o:tf] JolQmn]
;]jf ;'? u/]sf] b'O{ jif{leq tflnd glnPdf lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] cg'dltkq /2 x'g]5
.
To;}u/L rf}yf ;+zf]wgåf/f yk ul/Psf] Joj:yf
lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5
-#_ pklgod -!_ sf]
v08 -5_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg lj=;+= @)^# d+l;/ % ut] eGbf cl3
lzIfs kbdf lgo'lQm eO{ of] pklgod k|f/De x'bfsf] avt ;Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdf sfd
ul//x]sf lzIfs of] pklgod k|f/De ePkl5 cWofkg cg'dltkqsf nflu lnOg] klxnf]
k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg]5g . t/ o:tf lzIfsn] of] pklgod k|f/De ePsf] ldltn]
tLg jif{leq tflnd glnPdf lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] cWofkg cg'dlt kq :jtM /2 x'g]5 .
-^=ª_ cWofkg
cg'dltkq lnPsf] dflgg] M dflyNnf] txsf] cWofkg cg'dltkq lnPsf] JolQmn] tNnf]
txsf] lzIfs kbdf pDd]bjf/ x'g o; lgodfjnL jdf]lhd cWofkg cg'dltkq lnPsf] dflgg]
5 .
-^=r_ b'u{d If]qsf
ljBfnodf k7g kf7g ug{ c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq lbg ;Sg] M -!_ P]gsf] bkmf -!! M
%)_ sf] pkbkmf -%_ jdf]lhd cª\u]|hL, ul0ft / lj1fg ljifodf cWofkg cg'dltqkq
lnPsf] JolQm pknAw geO{ b'u{d If]qsf ljBfnodf o:tf ljifo k7g kf7g x'g g;Sg]
ePdf cfof]usf] lgodfjnL ( jdf]lhdsf] tflnd glnPsf] eP tfklg Go"gtd z}lIfs
of]Uotf k'u]sf JolQmx? dWo]af6 c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkqsf] nflu b/vf:t cfXjfg ug{
;lsg] 5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_
jdf]lhd b/vf:t lbg] JolQmx?n] cfof]un] cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ cGtjf{tf{df pQL0f{ x'g]
JolQmnfO{ b'u{d If]qsf ljBfnodf dfq cWofkg ug{ kfpg] u/L c:yfoL cg'dltkq lbg
;lsg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o;
lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu b'u{d If]q eGgfn] dGqfnon] b'u{d If]q egL tf]ssf] s'g}
lhNnf, ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt jf ljBfno /x]sf] If]qnfO hgfpFg]5 .
To;}u/L klxnf]
;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt ljifoj:t' o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
-(_ of]Uotf /
tflnd ;DjGwL Joj:yf -!_ cWofkg cg'dltkq
jf lzIfs kbsf] nflu lnOg] k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/ x'g b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
tyf tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 M
-s_ k|fylds
ljBfnosf] lzIfssf nflu dfWolds lzIff pQL0f{ jf ;f] ;/xsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L
lzIff ljifodf sDtLdf bz dlxg] tflnd lnPsf] jf dfWolds lzIff pQL0f{ k/LIffdf rf/
;o k"0ff{ª\ssf] lzIff ljifo lnO{ ;f] k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sf],
-v_ lg= df= lj=
txsf] lzIfssf] nflu ;DjlGwt ljifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/xsf] k/LIff
pQL0f{ u/L lzIff ljifodf sDtLdf bz dlxg] tflnd lnPsf],
-u_ df= lj=txsf]
lzIfssf] nflu ;DjlGwt ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/xsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L lzIff
ljifodf sDtLdf bz dlxg] tflnd lnPsf] .
To;}u/L t];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf
lgDg 5 M
-@_ pklgod -!_ df
h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pklgod jdf]lhd tflnd glnPsf] dlxnf jf ckfª\u
of] pklgod k|f/De ePkl5 cWofkg cg'dltkq jf lzIfs kbsf] nflu x'g] klxnf]
k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ df
h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmn] lzIff zf:q tkm{ ;f]xL pklgoddf plNnlvt
of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] eP o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf nflu tflnd lnPsf] dflgg] 5 .
-$_ tNnf] txsf]
ljBfnosf] lzIfsn] dflyNnf] txsf] lnPsf] eP o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu tflnd
lnPsf] dflgg] 5 .
To;}u/L kfFrf}F
;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt lgod b]xfo jdf]lhd 5 M
-%_ pklgod -!_ sf]
v08 _s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg of] lgod k|f/De x'g' cl3 :jLs[t :yfoL
lzIfs b/jGbL c:yfoL lgo'Qm eO{ ;]jfdf /x]sf lzIfsx?sf xsdf afx]s lj=;+= @)^*
>fj0f ! ut]b]lv k|fylds txsf] lzIfssf nflu k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;/xsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ gu/]sf] JolQm pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] 5}g\ .
-^_ pklgod -!_ sf]
v08 -v_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmn] b'O{ ;o
k"0ff{ª\ssf] lzIff ;DaGwL ljifo lnO{ k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/xsf]
k/LIff pQL0f{ u/sf] eP tflnd cfjZos kg]{ 5}g\ .
-!)_ pDd]bjf/sf]
nflu cof]Uotf zLif{sdf klxnf] ;+zfwgåf/f yk Joj:yf M
-r=!_ cWofkg
cg'dltkq glnPsf]
-5_ lgod -(_
jdf]lhdsf] tflnd glnPsf] t/ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf lzIfs kbdf pDd]bjf/ x'g v08 -u_ jf
-3_ n] afFwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g\ .
To;}u/L o; lgodfjnLn] cfˆgf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgdf
of] pkv08 k|f/De x'Fbfsf] avt sDtLdf Ps jif{;Dd c:yfoL lzIfssf ?kdf sfd
ul//x]sf] JolQm jf lj=;+= @)%@ df k|sflzt lj1fkg jdf]lhd :yfoL ?kdf lzIfssf]
kbk"lt{ x'Fbf c:yfoL lzIfsaf6 x6\g uPsf] JolQm of] pkv08 k|f/De ePkl5 x'g]
klxnf] lj1fkg cGtu{tsf] k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/ x'g;Sg] 5g\ .
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
-gjf}F ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL @)&!÷!)÷@^ df lzIff P]g @)@* sf] bkmf !( n] lbPsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]xfosf lgodx? to u/]/ P]gdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
-$_ d"n
lgodfjnLsf] lgod -^=s_ df ;+zf]wg M d"n lgodfjnLsf] lgod -^s_ sf] pklgod %
df /x]sf] …rfln;Ú eGg] zAbsf] ;6\6f …krf;Ú eGg] zAb /flvPsf] 5 .
%= d"n
lgodfjnLsf] lgod -^=v_ df ;+zf]wg M d"n lgodfjnLsf] lgod -^=v_ sf] pklgod
-!_ sf] v08 -s_ /flvPsf] 5 .
-s_ of] v08 k|f/De
x'Fbfsf] jvt jxfn /x]sf :yfoL lzIfsdWo] s'g} sf/0fn] :yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq lng
g;s]sf lzIfs .
-*_ d"n
lgodfjnLsf] lgod ( df ;+zf]wg M d"n lgodfjnLsf] lgod ( sf] ! pklgod -@_ df
ckfª\u eGg] zAbsf] ;6\6f ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmn] eGg] zAbx? /flvPsf 5g\ .
-@_ pklgod kl5
b]xfosf pklgod -&_, -*_ / -(_ ylkPsf 5g\ M
pklgod -&_ sf]
-!_ sf] v08 -u_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cª\u|]h, ul0ft, lj1fg,
sDKo'6/, l;len OlGhlgol/Ë, On]lS6sn OlGhlgol/Ë, kz'kfng tyf jfnL lj1fgsf] tflnd
glnP klg dfWolds txsf] cWofkg cg'dltkq jf lzIfs kbsf] nflu lnOg] k/LIffdf
pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg]5 .
-*_ pklgod -&_
jdf]lhd pDd]bjf/ ePsf] JolQm lzIfs kbdf lgo'lQm ePdf lghn] To;/L lgo'lQm ePsf]
kfFr jif{leq lzIff ljifodf sDtLdf bz dlxgf jf ;f] ;/xsf] tflnd lnO;Sg' kg]{5 .
-(_ pklgod -*_
jdf]lhd tflnd glnPsf] lzIfsn] To:tf] tflnd glnP;Dd a9'jfsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g
;Sg] 5}g\ .
o:tf sfg'gL Joj:yfx? jt{dfg ;dodf lzIff P]g
tyf lgodfjnLdf cWofkg cg'dltkq ;DjGwL sfod ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
@ jt{dfg gLltM jt{dfg ;dodf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df
cWofkgsf nflu cWofkg cg'dlt kq clgjfo{ x'g' kg{] Joj:yf lzIff lgodfjnLdf
ul/Psf] 5 . cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf pDd]bjf/nfO{
k/LIffdf ;fd]n x'g kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . ljutsf ;dodf cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] k/LIffdf
!)) k"0ff{Ídf $) pQL0ff{Í NofP k'UbYof] eg] jt{dfg ;dodf pQL0ff{Í %) sfod
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljutsf jif{x¿df cWofkg cg'dlt kq cg'dlt kqsf] k/LIffsf nflu
lzIff zf:q ;+sfo cWoog u/]sf] jf tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 k'/f u/]sf] JolQmn] dfq
pDd]bjf/L lbg kfpg] Joj:yf lyof] eg] lj=;+= @)&! df3 @^ ut]sf] lzIff
lgodfjnLsf] ;+zf]wgn] lzIffzf:q aFx]ssf cGo ljifox¿ cª\u|]hL, ul0ft, lj1fg,
n]vf, sDKo'6/, l;len tyf On]S6«f]lgs OlGhlgol/ª, afnL lj1fg / kz'kfng ljifodf
pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf JolQmn] klg cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] k/LIffdf b/vf:t lbg kfpg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;eGbf k"j{ lzIffzf:q ;+sfo afx]ssf cGo ;+sfosf JolQmn]
pDd]bjf/ x'g !) dlxg] lzIfs tflnd lng'kg{] Joj:yf sfod lyof] . ljutsf ;dodf
k|fylds txsf nflu S.L.C. kf;, lg=df=lj= txsf nflu sIff !@ kf; / df=lj= txsf
nflu :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/]sfnfO{ dfq cg'dlt kq lbg] k|fjwfg lyof] eg] jt{dfgdf
cfP/ k|f=lj= txsf] cg'dlt kqsf] Joj:yfnfO{ vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
%=
lgisif{M cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] dfWodaf6 lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yttf k|bfg ug{]
k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . o:tf] k|fjwfgsf] dfWodaf6 z}lIfs If]qnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt
bfo/fdf af“w]/ To;df ljleGg ljs[lt / lj;ËltnfO{ cGTo ug{] Pp6f sbdsf ¿kdf
cg'dltsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o:tf] k|fjwfgn] x/]s kIfnfO{ Pp6f lgodsf]
kl/lwdf /fv]/ af“Wg] sfd ub{5 . o; cWoog kqsf] cWoogsf] qmddf g]kfndf /x]sf]
cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] jt{dfg k|fjwfgdf b]vf k/]sf d'2fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 M
!=lzIff zf:q ;+sfoeGbf afx]ssf cGo ;+sfosfnfO{ klg
cWofkg cg'dlt kq lbg] ;/sf/L gLlt pko'Qm 5 <
@=lzIff zf:q ;+sfo cGtu{t cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf lglDt
cg'dlt kq lng' kg{] clgjfo{tf pko'Qm 5 <
#=cWofkg cg'dlt kq k|fKt ub{}df
lzIfs bIf 5g\ eGg] cfwf/ s] 5 <
$=cWofkg cg'dlt kq JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf
sfod x'g ;Sb5 <
%=Ps k6s k|fKt u/]sf] cg'dlt kq bL3{sfnLg x'g] Joj:yf
s] pko'Qm 5 <
^=jt{dfg ;do ;Gbe{ cg';f/ cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] Joj:yf
s] pko'Qm 5 <
&=kl/jlt{t kf7\oqmd cg'¿k k'/fg} k/Dk/fut cg'dlt
Joj:yf pko'Qm x'g ;S5 <
*=cg'dlt kq k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ePsf ;a}nfO{ lbg] jf
lglZrt sf]6f lgwf{/0f u/]/ lbg] <
(=xfn Joj:yf ul/Psf] pQL0ff{Í $) af6 a9fP/ %) k'¥ofpg'
pko'Qm 5 <
!)=cg'dlt kqsf] k/LIff k|0ffnL lnlvt dfq ePsf]df
df}lvs / k|of]ufTdsnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsb}g <
!!=lnlvt k/LIffaf6} ;Dk"0f{ l;ksf] hf“r ug{ ;lsG5 <
o;/L ljljw d'2fx¿df cfwfl/t
eP/ jt{dfg cWofkg cg'dlt k|0ffnLsf] af/]df cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf ljljw
;sf/fTds kIfsf ;fy} s]xL sldsdhf]/Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . s]xL sldsdhf]/Lsf afah't klg
of] Joj:yf lzIff If]qdf k|efjsf/L g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] lzIff If]qnfO{
Jojl:yt / lgod ;ª\ut agfpg] sfo{df 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
07. ASSESSMENT
!= kl/roM pknlAwsf] dfkg
ug{ cfpg] ljZj;gLo tyf a}w b:tfj]h n]vfhf]vf xf] . h;n] ljBfyL{sf] 1fg l;k / bIftf s] slt dfqfdf xfl;n
u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sf] k'li6 ub{5 . ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs pknlAwnfO{ kl/If0f
xfl;n u/] of gu/]sf] ;f] sf] k'li6 ub{5
. ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs pknlAwnfO{ k/LIf0fsf] pko"Qm :yfg
Nofpg] d"Nofª\sgsf] ;xL
lg0f{onfO{ cfTd;ft ub} tfls{s Ifdtf, n]vg Ifdtf l;h{gfTdstf tyf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
kIfnfO{ v'Nnf / k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fpF5
. vf;u/L ljBfyL{n] s] slt dfqf
pknAwL xfl;n u/] / slt ;Dd pknAwL xfl;n ug{
;Sb5g\ eGg] af/] n]vfhf]vfdf dfkb08 tof/ kfl/ d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofnfO{
cuf8L a9fOG5 . n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfyL{n]
u/]sf] uNtL sdL sDhf]/L vf]h u/L To;nfO{
;'wfg{sf] nflu ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg ;xof]u
ub}{ d"Nofª\sg k4lQ cuf8L a9\b5
. n]vfh]fvf vf;u/L
pRr dxTjsf ;fy lng] tyf ljleGg
k|Zgsf] 9fFrf h:t} M j:t'ut k|Zg,
k|of]ufTds k|Zg;Fu} sfo{bIftfdf
cfwfl/t d"Nofª\sg, sfo{ ;~rlosf cflb nfO{ Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{
lsl;dn] tof/ ug'{ n]vfhf]vf sfo{ xf] .
lzIf0fl;sfO{sf] p2]ZonfO{ k|i6 kfg]{
Jojxfl/s tyf j}1flgs :j¿k;Fu lgs6 /xb}F d"No+fsgsf :j¿k lgdf{0ffTds /
lg0f{ofTds h:tf kIfnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{of]hgf tyf bIftfdf cleJolQm ug{ ;an ¿kdf
cfPsf] ljleGg Exam
test, Norm reference test, criterion reference test h:tf k/LIf0fnfO{
klg Assesment n] ;d]6]sf] kfOG5
. To;}u/L jf:tljs ;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ha ljBfyL{sf] dfkg Pp6f paper-pencil df dfq l;ldt
g/fvL To;nfO{ k|of]ufTds txdf k'¥ofpg l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ spot d} lglZrt :yfgdf
of]hgf ul/Psf] sfo{ h:tfsf] t:t} b]vfpg' Assessment sf] pknlAwx¿ x'g\ . ljz]ift Assessment n] ljBfyL{df u/]/
l;k k|bz{g ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'sf ;fy} k/LIffnfO{ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u,
cWoog cg'dlt kq h:tf k/LIffnfO{ lgod–pklgoddf x]/L k/LIff ;~rfngdf Nofpg' klg
o;sf] sfo{ xf] .
@= p2]ZoM
!= k/Dk/fut
d"Nofªsg k4lt / jt{dfg ;dosf] d"Nofª\sg k4ltsf] :j¿k :ki6 kfg{,
@= d"Nofª\sgsf]
p2]Zo, If]q, sfo{, ljlw / ;Ldfsf] cfwf/ klxrfg ug{,
#=
;}4flGts k'/fjnf]sgM g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df -kl/k|]Iodf x]bf{ n]vfhf]vf_ k|0ffnLsf]
k/LIf0f ;g\ @))) sf bzsaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . To; ;do kZrft\ xfn;Dd sl/a Ps bz{g
hlt o; k|sf/sf cWoogx¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L xfn;Dd ePsf cWogodf sIff #, $, %, ^,
* / !) sf] pknlAw k/LIf0fsf] qmddf clws dfqfdf o;sf] k|of]; ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
/fli6«o pknlAw kl/If0fsf] d"n dd{ bL3{sflng of]hgfsf cfwf/df lglZrt ;dosf]
cGt/df ug]{ To;sf cfwf/df pknlAw Pjd\ kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf klxrfg ug'{ xf] .
kl/jt{gsf] :jefj / k|j[lQ (Trend) ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df b]zsf nflu eljiosf]
dfu{ klxrfg ug'{ xf] . h:t} pbfx/0fsf nflu cGt{/fli6«o txsf] lk;f (PISA - Programme
for Interntaional Stdents Assessment), l6D; (TIMSS - Trend for International Mathematics
and Sciecne Study) / Program for Reading and Literacy Skill cWoogx¿ qmdzM #
jif{, $ jif{, % jif{sf] cjlwdf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Jojl:yt
¿kdf lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/df k/LIf0f ug{ eGg] of]hgf agfPsf] lyPg / ;f] cg';f/ x'g
;s]sf] klg 5}g . ;fy} b'O{ km/s–km/s jif{sf] Ps sIff / ljifosf pnlAw k/LIf0fsf
glthf t'ngf of]Uo ;d]t klg kfOb}g . z}lIfs ;'wf/sf] nflu lg/Gt/ of]hgfsf ¿kdf
ljsl;t ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] pNn]lvt kIfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;f] of]hgf cjlw
-@)^&–@)&@_ df sIff #, %, * sf] /fli6«o, pknlAw k/LIf0f b'O{k6s ul/;Sg]
s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] ;Gbe{df lzIff dGqfnon] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|df k/LIf0f
PsfO (NASA UNIT) :yfkgf u/L lgoldt
¿kdf k/LIf0f ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . o;/L of]hgf cg';f/ b]xfo cg';f/sf] Ps dfu{
lrq :jLs[t eO{ ;f] cg';f/ sfo{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9L ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf
tnsf] tflnsfnfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
ljBfyL{sf] /fli6«o
pknlAw k/LIf0fsf] dfu{lrq
|
sIff |
@)^* |
@)^( |
@)&) |
@)&! |
@)&@ |
@)&# |
|
sIff # / % |
|
Ö |
|
Ö |
|
Ö |
|
sIff * |
Ö |
|
Ö |
|
Ö |
|
o;/L k/LIf0f gePsfn] @* lhNnfdf
@)!# df sIff # / sIff % sf] /fli6«o pknlAw k/LIf0f sfo{ ug]{ of]hgf 5 . cfufdL
jif{ To;sf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs x'g] 5 . pQm dfu{lrq cg';f/ cfufdL jif{
-@)&)_ df sIff * sf] bf];|f] rqm / To;sf] csf]{ jif{ -@)&!_ df sIff # /
% sf] bf];|f] rqm k'/f u/L of]hgf cjlwdf b'O{ rqm k'/f ul/g] 5 . dfu{lrq cg';f/
ut jif{ sIff * sf] k/LIf0f sfo{ ;~rfng eO{ -@% lhNnfdf_ ;DkGg u/L o;jif{
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ sfd ;d]t ;DkGg eof] . ut jif{ sIff * sf] o;/L b'O{ k'/f eO{
of]hgfj4 cjlwdf cfPsf] glthfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Sof] jf ;s]g < ljBfyL{sf]
;Defljt ;d:ofnfO{ vf]hL ug{ ;Sb5 sL ;Sb}g < To;}u/L sIff * df lnPsf] lhNnf
txsf] k/LIffn] l;sfO d"Nofª\sgsf] nflu !)) k"0ff{ª\s sfod ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . h;n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/] gu/]sf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . To;}
qmddf Assessment nfO{ System df k'¥ofpgsf nflu
Project Work, Homework,
Daily Attendance, Creative Action, Learning Achievement nfO{ x]b}{ lg/Gt/
d"Nofª\sg k4ltnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . h;df lzIf0f sfo{snfk
lzIf0f ;xeflutfn] cfˆg} ;/n tl/sf ckgfpFb} ljBfyL{df ;}4flGts k4lt ckgfPsf]
b]lvGYof] .ha lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cGTodf lnOg] k/LIffnfO{ g} d"Nofª\sgsf]
cfwf/ agfOGYof] / cGTodf k|df0fkq lbO{ sIffGgf]lt ¿knfO{ x]l/GYof] . To;df
Jojxfl/s tyf k|of]ufTds :yfgn] ;fy kfPsf] lyPgg\ . o;sf] cnfjf lzIfs–ljBfyL{
;x;DaGw lqmofsnfk lgs6¿kdf gcfPsf] h:tf] b]lvGYof] . o;df ljleGg ;|f]t;fwgn]
;xL 7fpFdf cfˆgf] k|of]u / kx'Frdf kl5 kb}{ 1fgsf] :j¿k Paper pencil df ;Lldt /fVbYof]
. o;n] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut wf/nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ bIf lzIfs of t ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg cu|
:yfg b]lvg] h'g k4ltn] cfˆgf] sfo{If]q j[l4 ub}{ ;d;fdlos ljifosf ;d:ofnfO{
ljifoj:t'df Nofpg g;ls ;}4flGts wf/0ffnfO{ k5\ofpFb} uO/x]sf] ;do kfOG5 .
jt{dfg :j¿knfO{ x]bf{ clxn] lj1fg k|ljlw o'Qm ;|f]t ;fwgn] ePsf] ;dodf Current Event ;Fu ;d;fdlos tyf
Jofjxfl/s kIfsf] lzIf0fn] NofPsf] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;xL lg0f{ossf] ?kdf
lnOPsf] x'g'kb{5 . Paper-Pencil df dfq ;Lldt g/xL pgLx¿sf] ljljw cfFsng k4lt, h:t} M pRr
dxŒjsf] dfkg ug{ ;Sg]
l;ko'Qm lzIff k|fljlws lzIffn] NofPsf] ;f]r, ts{, ljrf/, l;h{gf bIftf h:tf
If]qnfO{ j[l4 ub}{ jf:tljs ¿kdf ;Gt'li6 aGg' kf/bzL{ lzIf0f k4ltåf/f ljljw Audio, Visual sf] ;fydf lnPsf
Jojxf/ kIfnfO{ l;4fGtdf gnuL k|of]u kIfdf Nofpg'n] ;xL d"Nofª\sgsf]
cfTd;ft u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L d"Nofª\sgsf ;}4flgts cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|:6 kfg]{
qmddf /fNkm 8An' 6fon/ n] o;/L k|:6 kf/]sf 5g\ æJojxf/df P]lR5s kl/jt{gx¿
jf:tljs ¿kdf s'g xb;Dd eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{
d"Nofª\sg elgG5 .Æ
8]lgon :6]lNkmsf cg';f/ æb'O{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L ljsNkx¿df s'g} Ps 5gf]6 ug{sf nflu tYofª\sx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 lg0f{o
lng] k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nofª\sg -n]vfhf]vf_ elgG5 .Æ
6fon/sf cg';f/ æjf:tljs ¿kdf z}lIfs
p2]Zox¿nfO{ s'g xb;Dd k|fKt ug{ ;lsof] egL ls6fg ug]{ k|lqmof d"Nofª\sg
xf] .Æ
o;/L dflysf kl/efiffsf cfwf/df
n]vfhf]vf k|0ffnLsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|:6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
#=! ljz]iftfx¿
!= of]
k|lqmof k|of]ufTds ¿kdf ul/g] ePsfn] ljZj;gLo / j}B x'G5 .
@= lglZrt
dfkb08df cfwfl/t eP/ sfo{ ub{5 .
#= lzIff
If]qdf lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lzIf0f lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ o;sf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .
$= of]
k|lqmof z}lIfs If]qsf] ljleGg txdf ;~rfng ul/G5 .
%= o;n]
k|fKt glthfsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
^= of]
k|lqmofn] uNtL sdLsdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/L ;'wf/ ug]{ df}sf lbOG5 .
&= 7f]; pknlAwnfO{ jf:tljs :yfgdf NofpFb5 .
*= k]k/
k]lG;nn] dfkg gu/]sf sfo{nfO{ k|of]ufTds If]qdf b]vfpF5 .
(= o;n]
ts{, lrGtg / l;h{gfTds kIfnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf b]vfpFb5 .
!)= lnlvt
k/LIffåf/f dfkg ug{ g;lsg] Jofjxfl/s sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5
.
!!= ljBfyL{df
cfPsf] Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{gsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
!@= ljBfyL{x¿sf]
;}4flGts 1fg, :jtGq cleJolQm, n]vgz}nL h:tf sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
!#= ljBfno
k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg d2t ub{5 .
!$= kf7\oqmd–kf7\ok':tsdf
;'wf/ Nofpg d2t ub{5 .
!%= of]
lg/Gt/ rNg] k|lqmof xf] . cflb .
#=@ n]vfhf]vfsf k|sf/ (Assessment Evaluation of Types)
M!= lg0f{ofTds
d'Nofª\sg (Formative
Evaluation)
@= lgdf{0ffTds
d"Nofªsg (Formative
Evaluation)
#= lgbfgfTds
d"Nofª\sg (Diagnostic Evaluation)
!=
lg0f{ofTds d'Nofª\sgM lglZrt sfo{qmd jf kf7\of+zsf] cGtdf z}lIfs p2]Zo
adf]lhd ljBfyL{n] Jojxf/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sof] jf ;s]g eGg] s'/fsf] klxrfg k/LIf0f
u/L pgLx¿sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg
elgG5 . pknlAwsf] cfwf/df pQL0f{ cg'QL0f{ jf >]0fL lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf]
k|fdfl0fs lg0f{o lbg] sfo{ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg xf] . of] clGtd
d"Nofª\sg xf] . o; d"Nofª\sgn] d'Vo p2]Zo ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwsf] tx jf
:t/ / >]0fL lgwf{/0f u/L k|df0fkq lbg' xf] . o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ pknlAw k/LIff,
jflif{s k/LIff, k|of]ufTds k/LIff, :t/o'Qm k/LIff cflb x'g\ . o;n] tx jf
>]0fL lgwf{/0f u/L k|df0fkq lbg'kg]{ eP klg o;n] kf7\of+z / p2]Zosf]
pko'Qmtf tyf lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5 . o;sf k|of]ux¿ M
-
sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo k'/f eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{,
-
k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug{ / sIff pQL0f{ u/fpg,
-
k/LIffsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug{,
-
of]hgfsf] j}wtf, pko'Qmtf, cf}lrTotf / k|dfl0fstf k|bfg
ug{, cflbsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= lgdf{0ffTds d"NofªsgM lgdf{0ffTds
d"Nofª\sgnfO{ csf]{ zAbdf ;'wf/fTds /rgfTds d"Nofª\sg jf Constructive
proactive evaluation klg elgG5 . s'g} klg of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lgdf{0ffTds d'Nofª\sg elgG5 . o;sf] d'Vo
p2]Zo eg]sf] ljBfyL{sf] sdLsdh]f/L ;dod} kQf nufO{ To;sf] ;'wf/ jf lg/fs/0f
ug'{ xf] . sIff sfo{, u[xsfo{, xflh/L hjfkm, PsfO k/LIff, lg/LIf0f cflb o;
d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgx¿ x'g\ . o; d"Nofª\sgn] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] k[i7kf]if0f,
cg'udg, ;'k/Lj]If0f cflb u/L ;'wf/fTds l;sfOsf] dfu{lgb]{zg ub{5 . lzIf0f
l;sfOdf b]vfk/]sf ljleGg vfn] ;d:of / q'l6x¿ lg/fs/0f u/L tTsfn k[i7kf]if0f
lbg], ljBfyL{sf] ;Dk"0f{ cg'ej / Jojxf/sf] b}lgs n]vfhf]vf ug]{ ljBfyL{sf
OR5f, rfxgf, of]Uotf, Ifdtf, cg'ej, Jojxf/ cflbsf] ;d]t ;xL n]vfhf]vf u/L
pko'Qm pkrf/sf pkfox¿nfO{ o; d"Nofª\sgn] cjnDag ub{5 .
#= lgbfgfTds
d"Nofª\sgM lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgåf/f xn ug{ g;lsPsf / af/Daf/
bf]xf]l/g] l;sfO ;d:of jf sl7gfO ;dfwfg ug{ lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
hl6n ;dofsf] cfwf/e"t sf/0fsf] vf]hL ub{5 . To;}n] sltkon] o;nfO{
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgleq klg /fVb5g\ . j}slNks lzIf0f ljlw / tl/sf k|of]u
ubf{ klg ;dfwfg gePsf] ;d:of lgbfgsf pkfosf vf]hL ug{ of] d"Nofª\sg ul/g]
ePsfn] lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sg elgPsf] xf] .
#=#
d"Nofª\sgsf cfjZostf / dxŒjM x/]s
If]qdf d"Nofª\sg clgjfo{ k|lqmof xf] . h;/L dfgj hLjgsf x/]s kIfdf
d"Nofª\sgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5, To;/L g lzIf0f l;sfO
k|lqmofdf d"Nofª\sg cfjZostf / dxŒj x'g] ub{5 . h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
!= z}lIfs
of]hgfn] /fv]sf p2]Zo s] slt dfqfdf k|fKt eP÷ePgg\ elg n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu,
@= ljBfyL{x¿n]
cfzf ul/Pcg';f/ 1fg, l;k, wf/0ff k|fKt ug{ ;s] ;s]gg\ hfGgsf nflu,
#= lzIf0f
l;sfO lqmofsnfksf kl/0ffd:j¿k k|fKt pknlAwx¿ ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df cfPsf
kl/jt{gx¿ p2]Zo cg'¿k 5g\ jf 5}gg\ / lgwf{l/t p2]Zox¿ s] slt dfqfdf k"/f
eP elg n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu,
$= /fd|f] g/fd|f] ljBfyL{ 5'6\ofpg / k[i7kf]if0f
lbgsf nflu,
%= ljBfyL{ / lzIfssf] sfo{bIftfdf j[l4 ug{,
^= l;sfOsf] u'0f:t/Lotfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg,
&= JolQmn] ;f]r] adf]lhd p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf
nflu,
*= ljutsf glthf x]/L jt{dfgsf] glthf ljZn]if0f
ug{sf nflu,
(= :ki6 / j}B tYofª\ssf cfwf/df cWoog /
ljZn]if0f ug{,
!)= k|lt:kwf{Tds efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg,
!!= cfTdljZjf; a9fpgsf nflu,
!@= ljBfyL{nfO{ l;Sg / lzIfsnfO{ l;sfpg hfu?s
u/fpgsf nflu .
Assessment Pp6f Test klg xf] t/ test sf nflu dfq Assessment xf]Og .
-
Assessment for learning -l;sfOsf nflu_
-
Assessment of learning -l;sfO dfkg ug{sf nflu_
-
Assessment as a learning -l;sfOsf ¿kdf_
o;/L
Assessment l;sfOsf nflu,
l;sfO dfkg ug{sf nflu, l;sfOsf ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . lzIf0f / l;sfOnfO{ o;n]
;an agfpg g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .
#=$ n]vfhf]vf÷cfsngsf sfo{x¿ (Function of Assessment)
!=ljBfyL{n] l;sfO slt l;s]sf] 5 / slt l;Sg
afFsL 5, To;nfO{ cy{k"0f{ agfpg cGTodf k[i7kf]if0f lbg] sfo{ ub{5 .
@=ljBfyL{n] slt l;s] lglZrttf u/L To;sf]
;"rgf cleefjs, ;+3;+:yf, ljBfnox¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5 .
Evaluation/Assessment c;kmn x'gsf sf/0fx¿
— lzIf0f / l;sfOnfO{ PsLs[t ug{ g;s]sf]n] .
-
h'g sfo{ ljBfnon] ub{5 To;sf] ;"rgf, sfo{ / l;sfOnfO{
k[i7kf]if0f lbg g;Sg] ePsfn] .
-
sd Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ 6]jf lbg g;s]sfn] .
-
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;Defljt 1fgsf] vf]hL ug{ / k|fyldstf lbg
g;s]sfn] cflb .
$= Policy Provision: Assessment zAb
d"Nofª\sg zAb s} kof{ojfrL zAbsf ¿kdf cfPsf] xf] . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf]
u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug]{ k|ultsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ l;sfO;DaGwL ;do ;do t slxn] clGtd
lg0f{odf l;sfOk|lqmof l:yltaf/] ;'emfj tyf :ofaf;L lbOg] Ps lgwf{/0fo'Qm p2]Zo
k|lqmof g} d"Nofª\sg xf] .
s]xL
ljåfg\x¿sf] kl/efiff
Linn
& Gruund sf cg';f/ æd"Nofª\sg ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{
;Dk"0f{ / l;sfOk|ultsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmof xf] .Æ
Murry
Print sf
cg';f/ ætf]lsPsf] l;sfO xfl;n eP gePsf] lg0f{o ug{ cfPsf] tyf k|fKt ePsf]
tYofª\snfO{ oyf]lrt ¿kdf l:jsf/ ub}{ hfgsf/Lsf] JofVof ug'{ d"Nofª\sg xf]
.Æ
d"Nofª\sg
Assessment sf] If]q ;Lldtdf
dfq g/xL cfˆgf] :yfgnfO{ Jofks ¿kdf cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] x'G5 . k/LIff / dfkgnfO{
;Fu;Fu} Nofpg] cfˆgf] :yfg t cufl8 5 t/ k/LIff tyf k/LIff afx]s cGo ;fwgaf6
dfkg ul/Psf ;ª\VofTds tyf u'0ffTds hfgsf/LnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpFb} cfpg' hasL k/LIff
k|0ffnL ;'? x'G5 . dfkg klg ;Fu} cfpF5, dfkgn] ;du|df eGbf How, Much sf] vf]hL ub{5 .
o;/L x]bf{ k/LIff, dfkg, d"Nofª\sg Ps cfk;df ckl/xfo{ :j¿k b]lvG5g\ .
k/LIff / dfkgnfO{ cnUofP/ d"Nofª\sg sfo{ ;Dej x'g] b]lvFb}g . t;y{
d"Nofª\sg k/LIff jf k/LIff afx]ssf cGo ;fwgaf6 tf]lsPsf Jojxf/ dfkg u/L
clGtd lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf x]g'{ g} d"Nofª\sgsf] cfjZos gLlt xf] .
o;/L cjnf]sg cGtjf{tf tYofª\sLo ;ª\sng, /]l6ª :s]nåf/f k|fKt x'g] k|ultsf] ?kdf
b]lvG5 . csf]{ cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ kfPsf] k|fKtfª\s tyf k/LIffsf ljleGg ;fwg
k|of]u u/L cfPsf] u'0ffTds cfFsngnfO{ clGtd lg0f{o lbFb} cufl8 a9\g'nfO{ cfˆgf]
sfo{If]qdf NofpF5 . tL u'0ffTds tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] clGtd
lg0f{o lbg' d"Nofª\sgsf] kIf xf] . o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5
M
k/LIffaf6 cGo ;fwgaf6 k|fKt u'0ffTds
tYofªs k/LIffåf/f k|fKt ;ª\VofTds k|fKtfªs l;sfO;DaGwL d"Nofª\sg clGtd lg0f{o
o;/L
cfˆgf] sfo{ ¿k/]vfnfO{ >[ª\vnfa4 agfO{ cfˆgf] gLlt lgoddf /xL Assessment k4lt cfpF5 .
ljBfyLsf] l;sfO pknlAw / Jojxf/sf] d"Nofª\sg :ki6 kfb}{ of]hgf tyf gLltsf]
¿kdf NofpFb} k/LIffsf ;fwgnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf pknAw u/fpFb} ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf
k|ultsf] af6f]nfO{ clGtd lg0f{o tyf ;'wf/fTds k[i7kf]if0f lbFb} hfg' Assessment sf] cfjZos gLlt
b]lvG5 .
lgodfjnLM
s'g}
klg ljifodf cfPsf gLlt, sfo{, nfO{ jf:tljs :j¿kdf Nofpgsf nflu lgodfjnL cfjZos
b]lvG5 . lgodfjnLdf bkmf, kl/R5]bsf] :j¿knfO{ b]vfOPsf] x'G5, n]vfhf]vf k4ltdf lgDg lsl;dsf P]g
kfOG5
lzIff P]g @)@* sf] bkmf !( n] lbOPsf]
kl/R5]b ! sf] wf/f !* df k/LIffsf] k"0ff{ª\s / pQL0ff{ª\snfO{ o;/L
x]l/Psf] 5 M
!= lnlvt k/LIff !)) cª\s
@= k|of]ufTds @% cª\s
#= cGtjf{tf{ @% cª\s
lzIff
P]g @)@* sf] kl/R5]b $ sf] wf/f #@ df Joj:yf u/]cg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df
;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] u/]sf] d"Nofª\sg M
-s_ lzIfssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg jfkt b]xfosf] cª\s lbOg] 5 M
!=
;'k/Lj]Ifsn] lbg ;Sg] clwstd cª\s *
@=
k'g/fjnf]sg ;Lldtn] lbg ;Sg] cªs @
lzIfs
;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b $ sf] #( df sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf]
d"Nofª\sgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M
lzIfsnfO{
Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9'jf ul/g] 5 M
-s_ k|fylds t[tLo >]0fL – !) jif{
-v_ k|fylds låtLo jf lgDg dfWolds t[tLo >]0fL – !@ jif{
-u_ lgDg dfWolds låtLo jf dfWolds t[tLo >]0fL – !% jif{
-3_ dfWolds låtLo – !* jif{
kf7\oqmd
sfof{Gjogn] ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgdf ck]Iff u/]sf pknlAwx¿
-s_ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg gLlt
ljBfyL{
d"Nofª\sg lg0f{ofTds / lgdf{0ffTds u/L b'O{ k|sf/af6 ul/g] 5 M
·
;a} tx tyf sIffx¿df cf}krfl/s Pjd\ cgf}krfl/s
d"Nofª\sg ljlw k|of]u u/L cfGtl/s tyf afXo d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof cjnDag
ul/g] 5
·
;a} tx / sIffdf cfGtl/s afXo b'j} k/LIffsf] ptL0ff{ª\s $)Ü
x'g] 5 .
·
ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug{ jf sIff r9fpg
lg0f{ofTds d'Nofª\sg ul/g] 5 .
·
%, *, !) / !@ sIffdf cfGtl/s afXo k/LIffx¿sf] cª\ssf] ef/
qmdzM $)Ü, ^)Ü, &%Ü / *)Ü x'g] 5, t/ kof{Kt cEof; ug'{kg]{ Joj;flos
k|s[ltsf ljifox¿sf] xsdf ljBfnos]lGb|t @% k|ltzt cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg afx]s
klg yk k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf nflu cª\s ef/sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-v_ ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu
d"Nofª\sg gLltM ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu ;dflxt d"Nofª\sg
gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] tn n]lvP cg';f/sf dfkb08x¿ ckgfOg] 5 M
·
b[li6 Ifdtf sdhf]/, Go"g b[li6 Ifdtf / b[li6ljlxg
ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu 5'§} Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
·
sdhf]/ ;'gfO ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k/LIf0f xssf cGo j}slNks
Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
·
sdhf]/ ;'gfO ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu nlrnf] gLlt ckgfOg] 5 .
·
zf/Ll/s ¿kdf sdhf]/ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu k/LIff ejgdf
;'ljwfhgs a;fFO Joj:yf ul/g] 5
u_kf7\oqmd
d"Nofª\sgM kl/jlt{g ;do / kl/j]z cg';f/ b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s,
/fhgLlts / z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu gful/s tof/ kfg'{ kf7\oqmdsf] sfo{ xf] .
kf7\oqmd d"Nofª\sg ubf{ tn n]lvP c'g;f/sf gLlt cjnDag ul/g] 5 M
kf7\oqmd k|efjsf/L x'g ;s] g;s]sf]
·
pRr lzIffsf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQm tof/ eP gePsf]
·
pTkflbg hgzlQmsf] :jb]zL tyf j}b]lzs cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;s]
g;s]sf]
·
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ult c'g;f/ hgzlQm tof/ eP gePsf] .
lzIf0f
l;sfO k|lqmofdf ljwdfg d"Nof+ª\sg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L gePsf] / lzIf0f l;sfO
lqmofsnfksf] cleGg c+usf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g . -/fli6«o kf7\oqmd
k|f¿k @)^#_ w]/}h;f] ljBfnodf lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg k|0fnLnfO{ cª\lusf/
u/]sf] kfO{b}g . n]vfhf]vfnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] jf}l4s :t/, ?lr, ult Pj+ cfjZostf ;+u
cfj4 ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ljBfyL{ d"Nof+ª\sg lzIfs d"Nof+ª\sg ljBfno
d"Nof+ª\sg tyf kf7\oqmd d"Nof+ª\sg ;d]tsf cfwf/df lzIffsf] ;du| ljsf;
ug]{ Jojl:yt k4lt sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . afnafnLsfn] l;lsg;s]sf cfwf/df
lzIfs ljBfno / ;du| k4ltsf] d"Nof+ª\sg ug]{ kl/kf6L :yflkt x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yf 5 . ct M ljBfyL{sf] d"Nof+ª\sgnfO{ lg/Gt/ d"Nof+ª\sg k4lt cg'¿k
ljsl;t ug]{, d"Nof+ª\sgsf] k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ / l;sf?nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ ;dfhdf ;xh ¿kdf ;dfof]hg ug{ ;Sg] u/L
Jojl:yt ul/g'kg]{ oyfy{ /x]sf] 5 . ljwfyL{n] z}lIfs sfo{df u/]sf] jf lbOPsf]
k|ltlqmofsf] af/]df ;+ª\sng, JofVof, /]s8{ /fVg], k|of]u / hfgsf/L lbg] sfo{sf]
clen]v /fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ g} cfsng jf Assessment elgG5 . o;n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ljz]iftfx¿nfO{
p2]Zosf] ¿kdf lnO{ sfo{ ug]{ ub{5 . Pp6f lzIfsn] ltg efusf] Ps efu cfFsngsf
lglDt vr{ ug]{ ub{5 . cfFsng÷n]vfhf]vf ljgf lzIf0f l;sfO ;Dej 5}g To;}n] Pp6f
k|0ffnLut k/LIff xf] / o;n] cGt{jftf{ / hfgsf/Lsf] cfFsng ug{sf lglDt k|of]u
x'g] dxTjk"0f{ oGq Assessment xf] .
$=! P]ltxfl;s cjwf/0ffM k/fk"j{
sfnb]lv g} rlncfPsf] lzIff k4ltn] lbOg] lzIffsf] lsl;d cfˆg} lgodcg';f/ ;~rfng
x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . u'?s'n lzIff, ax'lzIff, db/;f lzIff cflbnfO{ km/s km/s
:j¿kdf cfˆgf] sIffnfO{ lglZrt 7fpFdf e]nf agfO{ lbOg] u'?–r]nfsf] ;DaGw ;Fu},
u'?sf] kfpFdf kl/ cf}kb]zfTds gLlt lgod cfbz{åf/f lzionfO{ glhs agfO 1fg cfh{g
u/fpg] k4ltn] d"Nofª\sg ul/GYof] . ljZjsf g} dfGotfsf] cfwf/df cfWoflTds
1fg af9\b}, rl/q lgdf{0fsf] ljsf; u/fpFb}, JolQmTj ljsf; u/fpFb} 1fg / cg'ejdf
hf]8 lbO{ pgLx¿nfO{ u'? ljb\of / wd{k|lt cf:yf hufpg] JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf lgdf{0f
u/fpFb} u'?åf/f d"Nofª\sg u/L h;n] ca ;Tod\ lzjd\ ;'Gb/d\sf] kfngf ub{5
Tof] JolQm bIf x'G5 egL p;nfO{ xf};nf a9fpg] k4lt klg b]lvGYof] .
u'? a|Dxf, u'? lji0f', u'?b]jf] dx]Zj/
u'? ;fIfjt\ k/da|Dxf t;\d} >L u'?j] gd\M
elg
u'?nfO{ ;j{1ftfsf] ¿kdf ;'Dkg', ;Tok"0f{ hLjg lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg', h;nfO{
u'?n] tyf:t' elg afns jf lziosf] 1fg tyf rl/qsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{, bz{g,
;flxTo, Jofs/0fdf ;Ifd b]lvg' h:tf k/fk"j{ cf}kb]zfTds lzIffn] lbOg]
d"Nofª\sgn] klg ;'?jft b]lv g} cfˆgf] :yfg hdfpFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L
d"Nofª\sg k4ltn] u'?s"n lzIff cg's"naf6 cfˆgf] km/s km/s
d"Nofª\sg k4lt lnb}F cfPsf] 5 . o;/L ljBfyL{sf] pknlAw :t/, lzIffsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg :t/, ljBfyL{sf] j}olQms tyf ;fdflhs Jojxf/, k|efj, cleefjs tyf
;dfhsf] l;sfOk|ltsf] ck]Iff, k|ltlqmof, ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ljBfnok|ltsf] wf/0ff;Fu}
z}Ifl0fs k2ltsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ljifout,
sIffut ;t/df Nofpg d"Nofª\sgn] x]b}{ cfPsf] x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
:t/df ;'wf/ ub}{ o;sf] nflu lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf JolQmut l;sfO pknlAwsf cfwf/df
k6s k6s l;sfO cj;/ k|bfg u/fpFb} Assessment nfO{ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . hasL
g]kfnsf] ljBfno txdf Assessment k4ltnfO{ o;/L x]l/G5 M
-
l;sfOsf] nflu cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ub}{ l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{
;'wf/ ub}{ lg0f{o kIfnfO{ cufl8 Nofpg] Assessment d"n ¿kdf ljBfno txdf lgDg :j¿k
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
-
Unit test nfO{ klg Assessment Pp6f cEof;sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . l;sfOnfO{ ;xh
¿kdf cEof; u/fO Unit test lnO{ cfjZos ;'wf/fTds kIfnfO{ l:jsf/ ub{5 . ljleGg k/LIff
;d"x h:t} M k|fOd/L k/LIff, bf];|f] k/LIff, clGtd k/LIff h:tf k/LIff lnO{
cfjZos pknlAw dfkg u/L :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
o;/L
ljleGg txdf d"Nofª\sg k4ltnfO{ km/s km/s ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] x'G5 .
h:t} M sIff –% df lnOg] ;|f]t :t/Lo k/LIffn] ljBfyL{sf] 1fg l;knfO{ ;'wfb}{
pgLxx?sf] sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd cfOk'Ubf lnPsf] k/LIf0fn] d"Nofª\sgsf]
l;5fGtsf] kIfnfO{ x]/]sf] 5 ls 5}g . o;/L cfPsf] /fli6«o pknlAw cg';f/
u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0fnfO{ pknlAwsf] ¿kdf nfg] qmddf ljifoj:t'nfO{ kof{Kt :yfgdf
/fVg ;ls/x]sf] cj:yfdf b]lvPtf klg d"Nofª\sn] b}lgs lzIf0fsf] cleGg cª\u
agfO g/x]sf] b]lvG5 . n]vfhf]vf k4ltn] z}lIfs ;'wf/df bIf tyf tflndk|fKt
lzIfssf] cefjnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg g;sL cfˆgf] gLlt, of]hgf, ;+u7g, lgoGq0f
cg'udg;Fu} n]vfhf]vfn] ;lx k|of]u gul//x]sf kfOG5 . ljBfyL{sf l;sfO pknlAw /
Jojxf/sf] :j¿knfO{ s'g ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg ug]{, d"Nofª\sgsf] Jofkstfsf]
nflu ljleGg ljlw tyf k|lqmofsf] :yfgn] cfhsf] ;dodf kof{Kt :yfg kfPtf klg ;lx
tj/n] cfFsng ePsf] b]lvGg . hjls l;sf?sf] dfkg k]k/–k]lG;ndf dfq l;ldt x'Gg,
s;}sf] k/LIf0fdf cfpg] Hello-effect sf] gLlt k|:6 kfOG5 . n]vfhf]vf k|lqmof lglZrt cjlwdf jf t
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5÷5}g, ljBfyL{sf] :t/ cg';f/ eP÷gePsf]
sfo{snfkdf ljBfno k|zf;g, a'l4hLlj tyf :yflgo ;/f]sf/ jfnfx¿sf] ;lqmotfdf
of]hgfa4 n]vfhf]vf ul/Fb} cfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
ljz]iftM
n]vfhf]vfsf d'2fnfO{ lgDg cfwf/df x]g{ ;lsG5 M
!= d"Nofª\sgnfO{ b}lgs lzIf0fsf] cleGg cª\u
agfOPsf] 5 ls 5}g <
@= n]vfhf]vfn] bIf / tflndk|fKt
lzIfssf] cefjnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 ls 5}g <
#= ljBfyL{n]
lnlvt n]vfhf]vf s] ;Ffrf] x'g ;S5 <
$= n]vfhf]vfn]
ljBfyL{n ug]{ lqmofsnfknfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf lgofn]sf] 5 t <
%= n]vfhf]vf
k|lqmofn] k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, k/LIfs / ;Dk/LIfsnfO{ tflnd lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 ls
5}g <
^= ;d:of
tyf ljifoj:t'sf] dfu x'g'k¥of], xfnsf] ;do lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ;do ePsf] x'Fbf
k'/fg} kf7\oqmddf ;Lldt /Xof] eg] Tof] n]vfhf]vf j}wflgs tyf kfb/lz{tf x'g ;S5
t <
&= kf7\oqmd, ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf / gd'gf k|Zgkq tof/ kfbf{
n]vfhf]vfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf 5g\ t <
*= ljz]if
cfjZostf ckfª\u >j0f zlQm sdhf]/ ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg
pknAw u/fOPsf 5g\ t <
(= km]n eP/ sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg],
lar}df ljBfno 5f8\g afWo ePsfnfO{ n]vfhf]vfn] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 t <
!)= dfgfª\sdf
cfwfl/t k/LIffdf ;kmn ljBfyL{n] b]zsf] j]/f]huf/LkgfnfO{ a9fpg] kf] x'g ls <
!!=Hello-effect n] NofPsf] ;d:ofdf pRr bIftf ePsf]
ljBfyL{ klg aflxl/g] ;DefjgfnfO{ n]vfhf]vfn] sd ug{ ;s]sf] 5 t <
!@=l;sf?sf] dfkg k]k/ k]lG;ndf ;Lldt x'Gg s;}sf] cIf/
g/fd|f] s;}sf] sfo{bIftf /fd|f] 5, o:tf] k/LIf0fnfO{ s'g ¿kdf nfu' u/]sf] 5
<
$=@ Current Policy
!= lzIf0f / l;sfOnfO{ PsLs[t u/L lzIf0f ul/Psf] /
;f]lx adf]lhd n]vfhf]vf k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] 5.
@= lzIffsf] d"nwf/af6 kl5 k/]sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ jf
lzIff lngaf6 jl~rt ljBfyL{nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/L n]vfhf]vf k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] 5 .
#= ljBfyL{n] u/]sf sfo{sf] ;xL ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg u/L
k[i7kf]if0f lbOg] k4lt ckgfOb} cfPsf] 5 .
ljBfno
;'wf/ of]hgf -@))(–!%_ df cfPsf gLltx¿ o:tf lsl;dsf lyP M
!= sIff *, !) / !@ sf] cGTodf ;~rfng ul/g] /fli6«o,
If]qLo / lhNnf:t/sf] k/LIffsf] k|dfl0fs/0fsf k|of]hgdf k|of; ul/g] 5 .
@= ;fj{hlgs k/LIffx¿ /fli6«o, If]qLo / lhNnf u/L hDdf
ltgj6f txdf ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
#= sIff * df lnOg] lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIff cfwf/e"t
txsf] clGtd k/LIff xf] . hasL sIff ( df Joj;flos ljifo k9\g rfxg] ljBfyL{n]
sIff * sf] k/LIffdf 36Ldf % j6f ljifo pQL0f{ ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
$= dfWolds txdf b'O{j6f k|df0fkq k|bfg ul/g] 5, Pp6f dfWolds
tx k'/f u/]sf] / csf]{ pRr dfWolds tx k'/f u/]sf] jf k|fljlws pRr dfWolds tx
k'/f u/]sf] .
%= kf7\oqmd k|f¿k @)^# df ePsf] d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwL
Joj:yfdf lg0f{ofTds / lgdf{0ffTds u/L b'O{ k|sf/af6 d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf]
kfOG5, h;df lgDg gLltx¿ kfOG5 M
—
;a} tx tyf sIffdf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s u/L cfGtl/s tyf
afXo d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof canDag ul/g] 5 .
—
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg, sIff sfo{, of]hgf sfo{, PsfO k/LIff
q}dfl;s k/LIff, ;fd'bflos k/LIff h:tf sfo{nfO{ k|of]udf NofOg] 5 .
—
ljBfyL{sf] pknAwLsf] k|dfl0fs/0f ug{sf nflu lg0f{ofTds
d"Nofª\sg k|of]u ul/g] 5 .
%= lgisif{M lzIf0f l;sfOsf]
p2]ZonfO{ k|:6 kfg]{ tyf Jofjxfl/s, j}1flgs :j¿k;Fu} lgs6 /xFb}
d"Nofª\sgsf] sfo{of]hgf tyf bIftf clej[lQ ug{ cfpg], Jojxfl/s kl/jt{gsf]
vf]hL ub}{ jt{dfg kl/k|]Io;Fu glhs /xL p2]Zo pknAwLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] Ps ;To
tyf ljZj;lgo pknlAw Assessment xf] . hals ljBfyL{sf]
6]:6 Ps Paper Pencil df ;Lldt /xG5 .
h;n] pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ g;Sg] b]lvG5 . s;}sf] cIf/ g/fd|f] 5 t s;}sf] Performance /fd|f] 5, o;
cj:yfdf cfpg] l:yltnfO{ n]vfhf]vf k|0ffnLn] s;/L ;'wf/b} n}hfg] xf] sfof{Gjog
tyf o;sf] Jojl:yt kIfnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf Nofpg' d'Vo p2]zo b]lvG5 . lzIf0f l;sfOsf]
p2]ZonfO{ k|:6 kfb}{ j}1flgs, k|of]ufTds :j¿k;Fu glhs /xFb} d"Nofª\sgsf
;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ k|of]udf k/LIf0fnfO{ k/LIff lnOG5 . h:t} M dfgf+sdf cfwfl/t,
dfkb08df cfwfl/t k/LIff oL b'O{ k/LIff ;~rfngdf cfP kZrft\ b]lvPsf glthfn]
n]vfhf]vfnfO{ s'g tl/sfn] ;'wf/ ub}{ nfg] / k'/fg} :j¿kdf 5fl8lbg] of]hgf
ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} ToxL ;dodf ToxL sfo{If]qdf k|lt:kwf{Tds efjgf tyf
cfTdfljZj;fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} n}hfg of] k4lt l;Sg] tyf l;sfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu
;/n aGb} uPsf] 5 . n]vfhf]vf k4lt
5'§} k|ult ljj/0f u/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] pknAwL :t/nfO{ x]b}{ hfg], sfo{ ;Dkfbg
:t/nfO{ c3L a9fpg], l;sfO k|ltsf] ck]Iff, k|ltlqmof tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf, j'l4hLlj
ljBSfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cflb If]qdf /xFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] cfˆgf] sfo{
If]qnfO{ Jofks agfO{ ;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] kf7\oqmd k|f¿kb]lv s'g txdf s:tf k/LIff
lnOg], ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO{ k|ltsf] wf/0ff s:tf] /x]sf] 5, lzIf0f l;sfOdf cfPsf
l;df tyf ;an ¿knfO{ klg cfˆgf] of]hgf If]qdf NofpFb} Project work, daily
attendance, Homework, Creative action, Learning achievement nfO{ cufl8
a9fpFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L Assessment System cfˆgf] bIftf clej[l4 ub}{
kl/jt{gsf] :jefj / k|j[lQ ;Fu} b]zsf] nflu s;/L eljiosf] dfu{ /f]Hg], ;'gf}nf]
eljio s] xf] To:tf ;d:ofdf /xL pT;'stf yKg] Pp6f If]qsf ¿kdf cfpg] ;an tyf
Jojl:yt k4lt xf] . ljBfno txdf /xFbf
ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/ lj:tf/} a9\b} hfG5 / To; ;Fu;Fu} n]vfhf]vf k|0ffnL klg klxnf
k]k/ k]lG;ndf ;Lldt /x]sf] / xfn j}1flgs kl/k|]Io wf/;Fu glhs /x]sf] 5 .
n]vfhf]vf Pp6f If]q jf kl/lwdf cfpg] :jrflnt ¿k xf] . cfˆgf] sfo{bIftfdf ;kmn
b]lvof] jf 5gf]6df k¥of], 7f]; pknAwLn] b]vfPsf], ljBfyL{ k|of]ufTds 1fg, :jtGq
cleJolQm, n]vg z}nL, l;h{gfTds :yfg, cflbdf /xL cfˆgf] sfo{If]qnfO{ cufl8 cfpg]
jf:tljs ¿k g} n]vfhf]vf xf] . h'g d"Nofª\sg k4lt k/Dk/fb]lv jt{dfg :j¿k
n]vfhf]vf k4ltnfO{ cfˆgf] wf/df Nofpg' lgisif{ aGg k'Ub5 .
8. Free and Compulsory
Education clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns
lzIff
!= kl/roM— clgjfo{
/ lgMz'Ns zAb ;a}eGbf a9L lzIff IF]qfd k|rlnt zAb x'g\ . oL b'a} zAb lzIff
ljsf;sf nflu Ps csf{df kl/k'/s b]lvG5g\ . clgjfo{ lzIff eGgfn] s'g} klg /fi6«df
a:g] JolQm jf To; b]zsf k|To]s gful/ssf] kx'“r leqsf] lzIff eGg] a'lemG5
. cyjf lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ agfpg' geO gx'g] tyf k|To]s gful/ssf nflu :jtGq v'Nnf
/ ;xh ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] kx'“rdf nUg eGg] a'lemG5 . j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]zn] clgjfo{
zAbsf] cy{ geO gx'g], x6fpg g;lsg] / lgjf/0f ug{ g;lsg] elg cYof{Psf] kfOG5 .
;a} gful/sx¿ ljljw sf/0fn] lzIffsf] d"nwf/df gcfpg ;S5g\ . h;sf] k|d'v
sf/0f cfly{s ljkGgtf x'g ;S5 . To;sf nflu lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ agfpg k|of]u ul/g]
dxŒjk"0f{ gLlt lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . lzIffnfO{ ;j{ z'ne
clgjfo{ / ;j{JofkL agfpgs} nflu lzIff lgMz'Nssf] cjwf/0ff NofOPsf] xf] .
lgMz'Ns eGgfn] s'g} klg z'Ns gltg'{ eGg] x'G5 . cyf{t\ ljgf z'Ns x/]s gful/sn]
k9\g kfpg] lzIfff g} lgMz'Ns lzIff xf] . lgMz'Ns cjwf/0ffn] lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{
agfpgdf d2t ub{5 . jt{Dffg ;dodf klg clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿ lzIFfsf] d"nwf/
eGbf aflx/ /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf cfd afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffsf] d"nwf/df Nofpgsf]
nflu lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff ckl/xfo{ /x]sf b]lvG5 . o;sf/0f o;
cWoog kqdf clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; k|lqmofsf ;fy} clgjfo{
tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff ;DaGwL ljljw vf]hd"ns cg';Gwfg ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]ZoM– of] cWoog kq lgDg p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf nflu tof/
kfl/Psf] 5 .
!= Free
and compulsory education sf] ljsf; / g]kfndf
To;sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] j0f{g ug{ .
@=
clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] cjwf/0f ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug{ .
3.1 cjwf/0ffM–
lzIff b]z ljsf;sf] d]?b08 dfq geP/
;du| dfgj hLjgs} d"n cfwf/ xf] . To;}n] lzIffsf] ckl/xfo{tf ;a} JolQmsf]
hLjg;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 . k|frLg o'ub]lv g} lzIff lng] lbg] k|lqmof s'g} g s'g}
¿kaf6 cufl8 a9]sf] x'g'k5{ rfx] Tof] b}lgs Jojxf/sf cf}krfl/s÷cgf}krfl/s
lqmofsnfk;“u dfq hf]l8Psf] lsg gxf];\ Toxf“ cfbfg
k|bfg x'g] 1fg g} lzIffsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] lyof] . Tolta]nfsf] lzIffsf] If]q
/ 1fg ;Lldt lyof] . lj:tf/} dWo o'u z'? eP kl5 cf}krfl/s ¿kdf wfld{s u|Gy
ljz]if lzIffn] ;;f/df k|e'Tj hdfpg yfn]kl5 lzIf0f k|lqmof / kf7\oqmd klg To;}
cg'¿k rog x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . olx a]nfb]lv lzIffk|lt dfG5]x¿sf] ?lr a9\g
yfn]kl5 lzIffdf Jofkstf ylkPsf] b]lvG5 . ;do laTb} hfbf dfgj ;f]rdf klg Jofks
kl/jt{g x'“b} uof] . lzIffk|lt rf;f] / cfjZostf a9\b} uof] .
kmn:j¿k lzIf0fdf Jofks kl/jt{g b]vf kg{ yfNof] . lzIf0f ljlw tyf kf7\ok':tsdf
cfd"n kl/jt{g u/L Jojxfl/s ;d:ofsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{] vfnsf] lzIffsf]
kl/sNkgf ;+;f/ e/L ul/g yfNof] geGb} P3f/f}“ ztfAbLlt/ g} dfgj hLjgdf
lzIffsf] ckl/xfo{tf af/] hgrf;f] a9]kl5 cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 .
ljZjdf lj:tf/} lzIff a9\b} uPkl5 lzlIft JolQm / clzlIft ;d"x lar lje]b
b]vf kg{ yfNof] h;sf sf/0f 7'nf 7'nf ljZj qmflGtx¿ eP/ dflg;x¿sf] ;f]rdf g}
cfd"n kl/jt{g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kZrft\ dfgj clwsf/sf] u7g
x'g' / pQm dfgj clwsf/ ;ª\u7gn] ljZjJofkL clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff
NofPsf] kfOG5 . oxL k[i7e"ldaf6 lzIff k/Dk/f cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvG5 .
k/Dk/fut b/f{sf] lzIffnfO{ Tofu]/ cfd dfG5]sf] kx'“r of]Uo
lzIffdf hf]8 lbg yfn]kl5 lj:tf/} dfG5]sf] hLjg z}nLdf klg kl/jt{g b]vf kg{
yfNof] / gof“ cGj]if0f tkm{ dfG5]sf] Wofg s]lGb|t ePkl5 ljZjJofkL
¿kdf lzIffn] gof“ ult lng yfn]sf] xf] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfP/ cyf{t\
cfw'lgs dfjg r/0fdf k'u]kl5 ;+;f/e/sf] x/]s /fi6«df lzIff Jofks alg;s]sf] 5 .
1fgsf gof“–gof“ 9f]sf v'ln;s]sf] 5g\ . k|To]s If]qdf km/s–km/s
lzIff k|0ffnL / gof“–gof“ lzIf0f ljlwx¿ ljsl;t e};s]sf 5g\ . lzIffnfO{ ;s];Dd
lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ agfpgdf w]/} 1fg lng' kg]{ rgf}lt cfhsf dfG5]sf] cufl8 b]vf
k/]sf] 5 . gof“ 1fgx¿;“u k|To]s dfG5]n] cfkm"nfO{ kl/lrt u/fpgsf] Ps
dfq ljsNk lzIff /x]sf] 5 . rfx] cgf}krfl/s xf];\ cyjf cf}krfl/s lzIffn] g}
dfG5]nfO{ lj1fgsf gof“ gof“ lk08x¿df cjt/0f u/fO /fv]sf] jt{dfg kl/k]Iodf
lg/fIf/ eP/ a:g si7s/ b]lvG5 . To;f] t x/]s /fi6«sf gful/snfO{ lzIffsf]
d"nwf/df Nofpg' Tof] b]zsf ;/sf/x¿sf] st{Jo x'g cfp“5 t/ klg
cfh;Dd sltko afnaflnsf lg/fIf/tfsf]
lzsf/ eP/ a:g' k/]sf] kL8f g]kfndf g} k|z:t b]lvG5 . /fi6«leq a:g] dfG5]
lg/fIf/ eP eg] /fi6« g} sdhf]/ / u/La x'G5 eGg] c;n dfGotfnfO{ k5\ofp“b} ;a}
h;f] 7fp“df lglZrt tx;Dd eP klg clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIffsf]
cjwf/0ff NofPsf] kfOG5 .
3.2
clgjfo{
/ lgMz'Ns lzIffsf ljz]iftfx¿M– lj1fgsf]
a9\bf] cltqmd0faf6 hf]uLg cfw'lgs ;do;“u cfkm"nfO{ Set ug{ dfq geP/ dfG5]n] ug{] b}lgs Jofjxf/nfO{ s';n 9ª\un] ;~rfng ug{sf]
nflu klg lzIffsf] ckl/xfo{tf al9/x]sf] jt{dfg ;dodf clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIffsf]
e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sfn] clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff
cfkm}df lzIff ljsf;sf] gLlt tyf k4lt ag]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs tyf j}1flgs jt{dfg
;dodf lzIffsf] pHofnf] 3fdaf6 al~rt /xg sf]xL klg kl5 kg{ rfxb}g . x/]s b[li6n]
lzIffaf6 k5fl8 k/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg ul/g] dxŒjk"0f{
gLltut k|of; g} clgjfo{ lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . lzIffnfO{ dfG5]sf] t];|f] cf“vfsf]
¿kdf lnOG5 . dfG5]nfO{ t];f] cf“vf k|bfg ug{] dxŒjk"0f{ /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o gLltut cjwf/0fsf ¿kdf clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIffnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;a} JolQmnfO{ lzIffsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg] p2]Zon] ;nanfO{
/x]sf] clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDg a'“bfdf
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne tyf
;fj{ef}d ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] lzIff,
@= ljz]if
lsl;dsf] gLlt tyf cjwf/0ffTds lzIff,
#= lzIffnfO{ ;j{Joflk
b[li6sf]0faf6 lgofNg] lzIff,
$= ;a}sf] nflu kx'“rof]Uo
lzIff,
%= Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf cfOkg{] ;d:of xn ug{sf]
nflu JolQmnfO{ 1fglbg] p2]Zon] k|]l/t lzIff gLlt,
^= cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg ju{sf] pTyfgsf nflu
cu|;/ lzIff,
&= l;sfOsf] k"j{ lgwfl/t tx;Dd k'Ugsf]
nflu jf:tljs z}lIfs k|of;sf] husf] ¿kdf clgjfo{ lzIff,
*= /fi6«leqsf] lg/If/tf pGd'ngsf nflu nfu'
ul/Psf] lzIff k|0ffnL g} clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIff xf],
(= g]kfnsf] xsdf dfWolds tx;Dd nfu' ul/Psf]
lzIff,
!)= lzIff ljsf; lj:tf/ / ;j{JofkL agfpgsf] nflu
cfjZos lzIff,
!!= clt ljkGg, lk5l8Psf b'u{d jl:tsf tyf ;8s
afnaflnsf cgfyx¿sf nflu clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIff,
!@= ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
lzIffsf] d"n k|jfxdf NofO{ /fi6«sf] ;fIf/tf b/ j[l4 ug{sf] nflu clgjfo{ /
lgMz'Ns lzIff,
!#= /fi6« leqsf lg/If/ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg
sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 ;fIf/tf t'Nofpg k|of]udf NofOg] z}lIfs gLlt,
!$= of] lzIff gLlt lzIffaf6 jl~rt x'g'k/]sf
;d'bfosf] ;'wf/sf nflu nfesf/L dflgG5,
!%= klxnf] / bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ljlelifsfhGo
;f]r kZrft lzIffnfO{ ;j{JofkL agfpg] p2]Zon] hlGdPsf] cjwf/0ff clgjfo{ tyf
lgMz'Ns lzIff x'g] .
4. P]ltxfl;s ljsf; tyf gLltM— a}l4s
o'ub]lv g} lzIff 1fg cfbfg k|bfg ug{] ljifosf] ¿kdf rrf{ kl/rrf{ ePsf] s'/f
ljleGg wfld{s j}l4s u|Gyx¿af6 k'li6 x'g cfp“5 . k|frLg dfgj o'ub]lv g}
lzIff b}lgs Jojxf/ ;~rfngfy{ k|rngdf /x“b} ljsl;t cfw'lgs o'udf Jofkstf kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
k/Dk/fut lzIff k|0ffnL x'“b} cfw'lgs ljlw k4ltdf cjtl/t ePsf] jt{dfg lzIff
k|0ffnL bfgsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x“'b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(#( b]lv !($% ;Dd rn]sff]
bf];|f] ljZjo'4n] ;+;f/df w]/} 7"nf] dfgljo Iflt lgDTofof] . To;s} kl/0ffd
:j¿k !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] kxndf ;g\ !($% l8;]Da/ !) sf lbg dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] u7g x'g k'Uof] . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f @^ df
cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff kfpg' k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] elg
3f]if0ff ul/of] . pQm 3f]if0ff kqsf] wf/ @^ df ePsf] Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
!= lzIff k|fKt ug{] clwsf/ ;a}sf] x'g]5 .
sd;]sd k|f/lDes tyf cfwf/e"t lzIff lgMz'Ns x'g]5 ;fy} k|f/lDes lzIff
clgjfo{ x'g]5 .
@= lzIff dfgjsf] k"0f{ ljsf; tyf dfgj
clwsf/ / cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfsf] cfwf/nfO{ ;'b[9 ug{] tkm{ lgb{]lzt x'g]5 .
#= s] s:tf lzIff cfÎgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lbg]
xf] To;sf] 5gf]6 ug{] k"0f{ clwsf/ cfdfa'afnfO{ x'g]5 . lzIff kfpg' k|To]s
afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . cfÎgf b]zsf k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lzIff lbg' k|To]s
nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] bfloTj x'g]5 .
olx dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqsf] cjwf/0ff kZrft\ ;+;f/sf ljleGg /fi6«x¿df
lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ cfjZostfsf ¿kdf x]l/of] . o;} k[i7e"ldaf6 g]kfndf klg
clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] k|fjwfg ;'? ePsf] xf] .
lj=;+= !(!) c;f]h @&
df b/jf/ :s'nsf] :yfkgf kZrft ;'? ePsf] g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLdf ;do ;dodf
clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf nflu ljljw kxnx¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . clgjfo{ lzIffnfO{
hf]8 lbg] x]t'n] lj=;+= @)!# ;fnb]lv of]hgfj4 ¿kdf k|f}9 lzIffsf] yfngL x'g'
;fy} s/f“rL of]hgf lj=;+= @)!^ -;g\ !(%( l8;]Da/_ df g]kfn
;xefuL xg' / !(*) ;Dd ;a}nfO{ clgjfo{ lgMz'Ns lzIff lgMz'Ns k|fylds lzIff pknAw
u/fpg]] k|ltj4tf cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7g dfkm{t JoQm ug'{n] klg g]kfnsf] k|fylds
lzIffsf] ljsf;sf nflu ul/Psf] k|of; dfGg ;lsG5 . To:t} lj=;+= !((^ Oltxf;
kl5sf] klxnf] lzIff P]g @)!( df tf]lsPsf] ldlt / lhNnfdf lgMz'Ns k|fylds lzIff
nfu' x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] To;} cg'¿k lj=;+= @)@) ;fndf emfkfsf] a'wjf/] :s'nnfO{
lgMz'Ns k|fylds ljBfnosf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/g'n] klg lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] ;'?jft
ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @)#! kmfu'g !@ b]lv lzIff lbj; dgfpg ;'? ul/Psf] / ;f]xL
cj;/df k|fylds -!–#_ lzIff lgMz'Ns 3f]if0ff ul/g' .z}lIfs ;q @)#@÷## b]lv
;/sf/n] b]zsf #@ b'u{d ljBfnox¿df lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts ljt/0f ;'? ug'{, olx
k[i7e"ldaf6 g]kfnsf] lzIffd clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff ;'?
ePsf] kfOG5 . tt\M kZrft clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff ;DaGwL ul/Psf /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o
;a}sf nflu lzIff M ;a}sf nflu lzIff -@))$–@))(_ df clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns
lzIff ;DaGwL Joj:yf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljj/0f ;DaGwL ul/Psf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
;a} afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIffdf
kx'“rsf] ;'lglZrttf,
cflbjf;L tyf cNk;ª\Vo eflifs
;d'bfo nufot ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu l;sfO cfjZos kl/k"lt{ ug{],
k|f}9 ;fIf/tfdf j[l4,
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf ;a} kIfdf
;'wf/ Nofpg] .
oL nIo k'/f u/L ;a}sf nflu cfwf/ lzIff k|bfg ug{
-;a}sf nflu lzIff_ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ff kqdf lgDglnlvt k|ltj4tfx¿ JoQm ul/Psf 5g\ M
cfwf/ lzIff ;a} afn o'jf tyf
k|f}9nfO{ lbOg'k5{,
l;sfOsf] lgwf{l/t tx;Dd k'Ug
;a}nfO{ df}sf lbg'k5{,
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfnfO{
lzIffdf k|fyldstf lbg'k5{,
lzIffsf] cj;/df ljBdfg
c;dfgtfnfO{ sd ub{} ;a} hghflt tyf ju{sf dflg;;Dd lzIff k'¥ofpg' k5{,
ckfª\usf] nflu ljz]if
lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{,
cfwf/ lzIffsf nflu ;DefJo
;a} pkfox¿ k|of]u ul/g' k5{,
kf}li6s cfxf/, :jf:Yo,
;'/Iff, zf/Ll/s / ;Dj]ufTds ;xof]u h:tf dfWodx¿af6 lzIffsf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4
ul/g' k5{,
lzIffdf ;a} If]qsf] ;xeflutf
vf]lhg' k5{ .
afn clwsf/df clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIFf
·
afn clwsf/
;DaGwL dxf;lGw ;g\ !(*( sf k|d'v k|fjwfgdf clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIff ;DaGwL
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
·
/fHon]
afnaflnsfnfO{ cfly{s zf]if0f / dhb'/L ug{af6 tyf lzIffdf afwf k'¥ofpg] sfd jf
pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo / sNof0fdf xflg x'g] sfdaf6 hf]ufpg' k5{ .
·
;g\ !(() sf]
afnclws/ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ff kqdf cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf ;fIf/tfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5
.
·
8sf/ ;Dd]ngn]
;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;a}sf nflu lzIff pknAw u/fpg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{}
to u/]sf p2]Zox¿ M
!_ ljz]ift M cToGt} ljkGg / ;'ljwf ljlxg
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L k|f/lDes afn ljsf; lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿ Pjd\ Joj:yfx¿sf]
ljsf; Pjd\ lj:t[lts/0f .
@_ ;g\ @)!% leqdf ;a} afnaflnsf vf;u/L
aflnsfx¿ sl7g kl/l:yltsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu :t/Lo lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ k|Fylds
lzIffdf kx“'r / k"0f{ k|flKt ;'lglZrt ug{] .
#_ ;g @)!% ;Dd k|f}9 ;fIf/tf txdf vf;u/L
dlxnf ;fIf/tfdf slDtdf %) k|ltztn] j[l4 ug{] / ;a} k|f}9x¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t
tyf lg/Gt/ lzIffdf Gofof]lrt kx'“r k'¥ofpg] .
$_ cflbjf;L, hghflt / eflifs cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf
nflu dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
;'lglZrt ug{] .
g]kfn leq ePsf /fli6«o
lzIff cfof]u tyf lzIff ;dLltsf k|ltj]bgx¿df clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff ;DaGwL
Joj:yf M
!_ /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)!! df % jif{]
lgMz'Ns lzIff lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
@_ ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;dLlt @)!* n]
u/]sf] s]xL k|of; M
– k|Fylds lzIff lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ ug{nfO{
%),))) hlt tflnd k|fKt lzIFsx¿ rflxG5,
– lzIfssf] of]Uotfdf j[l4 ug{] gLlt
/fv]sf] 5 .
#_ lzIff k4lt @)@* b]lv @)#@ ;Ddsf] of]hgfn]
clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .
–
of] P]gsf]
;+zf]wgsf] ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] k|fylds txsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns x'g]5 eg] o:tf
ljBfnodf kf7\ok':ts lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf .
$_ k|fylds lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpgsf nflu
ljz]if kxn ul/g' kg{] s'/f /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$( df pNn]v ePsf]
5 .
%_ ljz]if ;d'xsf nflu clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns
k|Fylds lzIff nfu' ug{] pRr:tl/o /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)%% n]
;'emfj u/]sf] 5 .
^_ ljBfnosf] z'Ns ;DaGwL Joj:yf lzIff
lgodfjnL @)$( df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . z'Nssf nflu lgod !!( df lglZrt zLif{sx¿sf]
pNn]v ePsf] / h;dWo] ;fj{hlgs ljBfno dfl;s k9fO z'Ns k|j]z jf k'gM k|j]z z'Ns
lng gkfpg] u/L k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . z'Ns lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljBfnosf] lhNnf ;dLltsf]
:jLs[lt lng' kg{] Joj:yf 5 .
&_ lzIff -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os @)%& df
lghL ljBfnon] z'Ns lgwf{/0f ubf{ /fHosf] :jLs[lt lng' kg{] / o;/L :jLs[lt lb+bf
ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;'ljwf / ltgLx¿sf] juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/ agfOg] .
lzIff P]g @)@* ;+zf]wg
;lxtsf] ljBfnosf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL wf/fsf] pkwf/f !^ …3Ú df lgDg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] k|Fylds txsf] lzIff
lgMz'Ns x'g]5 .
– !!7 g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljs6 lxdfnL lhNnfdf
3'DtL ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 .
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)%&
-;+zf]wg ;lxt_
kl/R5]b # wf/f !! df
lzIfs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ;dfj]zLtfnfO{ lgDg cfwf/df 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 .
– dlxnf ##∞
– cflwjf;L hghflt @&∞
– t/fO dw];df a;f]af; ug{]
dw];L d':nLd ;d'bfo @@∞
– blnt (∞
– ckfª\u %∞
– lk5l8Psf]
If]q $∞
4.2
Current Policy Provision: jt{dfg
j}1flgs kl/j]zdf ljZj lxl8/x]sf] a]nfdf g]kfndf klg lzIffdf cfw'lgs/0fsf] nflu
e/k'/ dfqfdf k|of;x¿ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . /f0ffsfnLg ;dob]lv cf}krfl/stf yfn]sf]
g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLdf jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfP/ lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ lzIffsf]
cjwf/0ffn] ubf{ ;fIf/tf k|ltzt a9]/ g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ ^%=( k|ltzt
/x]sf] kfOG5 . cem} ;fIf/tf k|ltzt a9fpgsf nflu lzIffdf cGo yk ;'wf/sf ;fy}
clgjfo{{ / lgMz'Ns lzIffnfO{ x/]s sfo{qmd dfkm{t k|fyldstf lbO/x]sf] kfOG5 .
@)!! sf] /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, gof“ lzIff k4lt @)@*, pRr lzIff cfof]u @)%%, pRr dfWolds
lzIff kf7\oqmd k|f¿k @)^# nufotsf ljljw sfo{qmd tyf of]hgfnfO{ k5\ofp“b} jt{dfg
;dodf lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ lzIff ljsf;sf nflu ljljw sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;a}nfO{
lzIffsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg] k|of; ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . lzIffnfO{ ;j{JofkL /
;j{;'ne tyf lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{sf] gf/f ljZjel/ g} km}ln/x]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf
klg lzIffnfO{ ;j{JofkL tyf ;a}sf] kx'“r of]Uo agfpgsf nflu ul/Psf jt{dfg gLltut tyf
;+:yfut k|of; tyf cEof;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
·
ljBfno If]q
;'wf/ of]hgf @)^^–@)&@ (SSRP) df
clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff,
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf
@)^^–@)&@ df d'Vo b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf /flvPsf] cfwf/e"t lzIff cGtu{t .
·
nIo M lzIffnfO{
clwsf/sf ¿kdf lnO ljBfnodf afnd}qL jftfj/0f dfkm{t u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf
;dtfd"ns kx'“rsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g] .
·
p2]Zo M
u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffdf %–!@ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf]
;dtfd"ns kx'“rsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{] .
/0fgLlts sfo{snfkx¿
cfwf/e"t kx'“r tyf
;xeflutf j[l4 clwsf/
!_ clgjfo{
cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] Joj:yf cGtu{t o;nfO{ clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{] of]hgf
;'? ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] .
@_ %–!@
jif{sf afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIffnfO{ clwsf/sf ¿kdf lng] Joj:yf x'G5 . ;ª\qmd0f
sfnsf cjlwdf cfwf/e"t lzIff sfo{qmddf egf{ x'g] h'g;'s} pd]/ ;d'xsf
afnaflnsfn] klg rqm k"/f geP;Dd of] clwsf/ kfpg] 5g\ .
#_ clgjfo{
lzIff ;DaGwL sfg'g nfu' ePsf lbgb]lv pko'Qm pd]/ ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfq egf{
ug{ k|]l/t ul/g]5 .
lgMz'Ns lzIff
·
lgMz'Ns
cfwf/e"t lzIff cGtu{t egf{, kf7\ok':ts, k9fO tyf k/LIff z'Ns jfkt s'g} klg
vr{ Joxf]g{ gkg{] k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf 5 . ljBdfg lgod / ljlgdosf clwgdf /xL
;d'bfon] u'0f:t/ clej[l4sf nflu yk ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg]5g\ .
·
5fqfx¿nfO{ ljz]if
nlIft ub{} s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿ blnt ;d'bfo / ckfª\utf
ePsf ;a} ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug{ ljz]if k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g] .
clgjfo{ lgMz'Ns lzIff
·
cfjZos sfg'g
agfO /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo txx¿df clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf lgldQ r/0fj4
of]hgf lgdf{0f,
·
:yfgLo
;/sf/x¿nfO{ cf–cfÎgf If]qdf lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] 3f]if0ff
ug{ k|f]T;fxg k4ltsf] ljsf; .
lgMz'Ns j}slNks sfo{qmdx¿M cf}krfl/s sIffdf hfg g;Sg] ljBfyL{sf nflu lgMz'Ns
j}slNks sfo{qmd tyf ;3g sfo{x¿sf] Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)^# df clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIff ;DaGwLsf] Joj:yf M
!_ k|To]s
;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf adf]lhd cfÎgf] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg]
xs x'g]5 .
@_ k|To]s
gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg]
xs x'g]5 .
rfn' cfjlws of]hgf cGtu{t lqjlif{o of]hgf / t]/f}+
of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kqdf lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff
– lqjlif{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kq @)^&÷)^* / &)
s_ ;fIf/tfnfO{ hLjg k4lt;“u cfj4
u/L ;Lk / sfdsf] cGt/ ;DaGw :yflkt ub{} ;a} g]kfnL / ljz]if u/L dlxnf tyf ljkGg
;d'bfosf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fIf/tf / lg/Gt/ lzIffsf cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg],
v_ k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIffsf] ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/ ug{],
u_ ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns / cfwf/e"t lzIff
k|bfg u/L lzIffnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ;dGjos kx'“rof]Uo agfpg],
3_ of]hgf cjlwdf lg/If/tfdf pNn]Vo ¿kn] sdL
Nofpg] ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ hLjg pkof]uL l;k;“u cfj4 u/L ;~rfng ug{],
ª_ lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t
lzIffnfO{ :ki6 sfo{ of]hgf ;lxt nfu' ug{] .
– t]x|f} of]hgf @)&)÷)&!÷)&@÷)&#
p2]Zo
– ;a} tx ljifosf] lzIffdf ;dfg kx'“r lj:tf/
ug{],
– lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIff /
dfWolds tx -(–!@_ sf] PsLs[t k4ltsf] sfo{Gjog ug]{,
– jkGg l;dfGts[t ;d'bffo / ckfªutf ePsf
JolQmx¿nfO{ lzIffdf kx'“r ;'lglZrt ug{] nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{] .
lgisif{M– ;+;f/e/L
lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne / ;j{JofkL agfpgsf] nflu lzIffdf clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIffsf]
cjwf/0ff NofP klg cem};Dd ;j{;'ne ¿kdf ;a}sf] kx'“rdf lzIff k'lu;s]sf] t
b]lvb}g tyflk lzIff ljsf;sf nflu ul/Psf bfz{lgs qmflGtn] lzIffsf] JofkstfnfO{
s]xL prfOdf k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf w]/} /fi6«x¿df lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ /
lglZrt tx;Dd lgMz'Ns ul/Psf] kfOG5 h;n] ubf{ k|To]s 6f]n6f]ndf lzIff k'u]sf]
kfOG5 eg] cem} 3/–3/ / JolQm JolQmdf lzIff k'¥ofpgsf] nflu clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns
lzIffsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf b]lvG5 . ljZj lzIffsf]
Oltxf;df g]kfnsf] z}lIFs Oltxf; w]/} kl5 dfq} cf}krfl/s ¿kdf cfPsf] eP klg
ljljw lzIffsf ultzLn sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'“b} g]kfnn] @)^* sf] hgu0fgfdf ^%=( k|ltzt
JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fIf/tfsf] tYofª\sdf b]vfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . h;df dxŒjk"0f{
of]ubfg clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn cNkljsl;t d'n's x'“bfx'“b} klg
oxf“sf clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿ ul/aLsf sf/0fn] ljBfno;Dd hfg g;Sg]x¿sf nflu
lgMz'Ns lzIffn] e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 eg] sltko ljs6 If]qdf hgr]tgfsf]
cefjdf ljBfnoaf6 jl~rt ;d"xnfO{ ljBfnosf] d"nwf/df Nofpgsf] nflu
clgjfo{ lzIffsf] gf/fn] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg j}1flg tyf
cfw'lgs ;dodf klg lg/If/ eP/ a:g' cfkm}df cnkljsl;t d'n'ssf] kl/ro af]s] h:tf
x'G5 t/ klg g]kfns} ;Gbe{df cem} klg #$=! k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof lg/If/ ePsf]
pbfx/0fnfO{ x]bf{ clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff cem:Dd ;a}sf] kx'“r;Dd k'Ug
;s]sf] 5}g lsg eg] cfz+sf JoQm x'G5 t/ klg lzIffnfO{ ;j{JofkL agfpg] dxŒjk"0f{
ljsNksf] ¿kdf clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff /x]sf] 5 .
9
Private Schooling (532)
k'g/fjnf]sg
ug'{sf] p2]Zox¿
s_ ;+:yfut
jf gLlh ljBfnonfO{ lrtfpg / o;sf] ;Gbe{df ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff k|i6 kfg{ .
v_
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lghL jf ;:yfut ljBfnodf ePsf P]ltxfl;s / jt{dfg sfo{ / gLltut
Joj:yfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{] .
u_ gLlh
tyf ;:yfut ljBfnosf ;dsfnLg d'2fx¿ klxrfg ug{ .
Conceptes -cjwf/0ff_M
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTj ePsf] s'g} klg lgsfoaf6 lgoldt cfly{s cg'bfg glnO{ :jfoQ ¿kdf JolQmut,
;fd'lxs, ;ª\3;+:yf, sDkgL, u'7L, ;xsf/L cflbaf6 nufgL u/L g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f
cg'dlt÷:jLs[lt lnO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rflnt k"j{ k|fylds b]lv pRr df=lj= ;Ddsf
ljBfnonfO{ ;+:yfut ljBfno elgG5 . /fi6«sf] l;ldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/k|]Iodf
JolQmut, ;fd'lxs tyf ;+:yfut nufgLaf6 ;d]t lzIffsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df 6]jf
k'uf];\ eGg] clek|fon] b]ze/ ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ . lzIff P]g @)@* sf
cg';f/ æ;+:yfut ljBfnoÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgoldt ¿kdf cg'bfg gkfpg] u/L jf
:jLs[lt k|FKt ljBfno elg kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ;+:yfut ljBfno dfkb08
tyf ;~rflnt lgb{]lzsf @)^( sf cg';f/ æ;+:yfut ljBfnoÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6
lgoldt ¿kdf cg'bfg gkfpg] u/L sDkgL÷u'7L P]g cGtu{t btf{ eO{ cg'dlt jf :jLs[lt
k|FKt ljBfno xf], elg kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;+:yfut ljBfno eGgfn]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6af6 s'g} lsl;dsf] cg'bfg lgoldt ¿kdf gkfpg] / ;/sf/sf]
:jLs[lt / cg'dlt lnO{ gLlh tyf ;+:yfut nufgLaf6 ;~rflnt ljBfno g} gLlh ljBfno
xf] eGg ;lsG5 . gLlh ljBfnosf] cjwf/0ff ;j{k|yd wfld{s lzIff lbg] k/Dk/faf6
;'?jft ePsf]] dfGg ;lsG55 . h:t} M lxGb' wd{df u'?s'n lzIff, Clif cf>d
lzIff, af}4 wd{df u'Daf lzIff, O{:nfd wd{df db/;f lzIff o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .
oL lzIff k|0ffnLx¿, wd{u'?x¿, Clifd'gLx¿, leIf' tyf nfdfx¿ cflbaf6 lgod tyf
;~rflnt x'Gy] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+:yfut tyf gLlh lzIffsf] ;'?jft lj=;+= !(!)
df b]z zdz]/n] :yfkgf u/]sf] b/af/ xfO{ :s'naf6 ;'?jft ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
cf}krfl/s ¿kdf c;f]h & ut] lqe'jg cfbz{ ljBfno kmlk{ªnfO{ g]kfnsf] klxnf]
;+:yfut ljBfno dfGg ;lsG5 . o; ljBfnodf klxnf] k6s &) hgf ljBfyL{x¿af6
;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . o; ;dodf ;fd'bflos tkm{ #@! k|f=lj=, !! df=lj=x¿ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;fIf/tf b/ @ k|ltzt, egf{ b/ )=( k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+=
@)@* sf] /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgfn] ;+:yfut ljBfno / ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿nfO{
/fli6«o of]hgf leq NofO gLlh ljBfnonfO{ klg ;/sf/L cg'bfgsf] of]hgf Nofof] .
lj=;+= @)#& ;fndf gLlh ljBfnosf] ;/sf/L cg'bfg x6fO{ gLlh ljBfno vf]Ng]
cg'dlt k|bfg ug{] lzIff gLlt Nofof] . lj=;+= @)$& sf] k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf kl5
/fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] u7g eO{ lghL ljBfnonfO{ sDkgL tyf ;+:yfsf ¿kdf btf{ ug{
kfpg] v's'nf] gLlt cjnDag u¥of] . To;kl5 g]kfndf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] ;+Vof lbg
k|lt lbg j[0l4 x'“b} uof] . lj=;+= @)%% df pRr :t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff
cfof]u u7g eO{ @)$( n] l;kmfl/; u/]eGbf leGg lghL ljBfnosf] :jfldTj / k|sf/
km/s x'g] u/L ;'emfj lbof] . lj=;+= @)^# sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cg';f/ k|To]s
gful/sn] dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] elg pNn]v u¥of] . o;/L ;+:yfut
ljBfnosf] k[i7e"ldnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfndf ;fd'bflos ljBfno ;“u;“u}
;+:yfut ljBfno klg cl:tŒjdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . xfn cfP/ cfd dflg;x¿df ;+:yfut
ljBfno g} u'0f:t/Lo xf], eGg] b[li6sf]0f kfOG5 .
3.2 ;+:yfut
ljBfnosf ljz]iftfx¿M ;+:yfut ljBfno
ljz]ift l;ldt JolQm ;ª\3;+:yf cflb åf/f :yfkgf / ;~rflnt x'g] x'“bf lgodg
/ Joj:yfkg r':tb'?:t b]lvG5 . To;} u/L Jojxfl/s / k|of]ufTds lzIf0fdf hf]8
lb+b} u'0f:t/Lotfdf klg hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df cª\u|]hL
efiffsf] dfWod / k|lt:kwf{Tds efjgfn] klg e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 . ;+:yfut
ljBfno lgDg tyf dWod juL{o kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu kx'“r eGbf
aflx/ b]lvG5 . u'0f:t/Lotfsf gfddf rsf{] z'Ns c;'Ng] cltcfjZostfdf cfly{s af]em
yKg], ;]jfd'vL eGbf gfkmf d'vL b]lvg', l;h{gfTdstf eGbf olGqstfdf a9L hf]8 lbg]
lsl;dsf] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk o;df kfOG5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnosf d'Vo d'Vo
ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= ;+:yfut ljBfnon] lgoldttf, Jojl:yt / u'0f:t/Lotfdf Wofg lbg' .
@= lzIf0f
ljlw / k4ltnfO{ j}1flgs Jojxfl/s / k|of]ufTds lsl;dsf] agfpg' .
#= lzIf0f
l;sfOsf] lqmofsnfksf] dfWod cªu|]hL efiff x'g] ePsfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfslif{t
ug'{ .
$= ;+:yfut
ljBfnosf] z}lIFs pknlAw ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] eGbf a9L x'g' .
%= lgDg
Pj+ dWod juL{o kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfsf] kx'“r eGbf aflx/ x'g' t / cleefjsx¿af6 rsf{] z'Ns
c;'Ng'
^= ;]jfsf]
gfddf Jofkf/ ug'{ tyf a9L vrf{n' k|s[ltsf] b]lvg' .
&=
g}lts Pjd\ dfgjLo d"No dfGotfdf x|f; cfpg'sf ;fy} ;[hgfTdstfeGbf
oflGqstfdf a9L hf]8 lbg' .
*= ;fdflhs
c;dfgtf l;h{gf u/L ;fdflhs lje]bsf] vf8n cem ulx/f] agfpg' .
(=
lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;df lhDd]jf/L gx'g' .
!)=
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df laSg ;Sg] hgzlQm pTkfbg ug'{ .
!!=
;"rgf, ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u pkof]udf hf]8 lbg', cflb .
4.1 Historical Development on the Policy Issue: g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] s'g} klg
lgsfoaf6 lgoldt cfly{s cg'bfg glnO{ JolQmut, ;fd'lxs, ;ª\3 ;+:yf, sDkgL, u'7L,
;xsf/L cflbaf6 nufgL u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cg'dlt÷:jLs[lt lnO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rflnt
k"j{ k|fylds b]lv pRr df=lj=;Ddsf ljBfnonfO{ ;+:yfut ljBfno elgG5 .
;+:yfut ljBfnosf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmdnfO{ x]bf{ ;j{k|yd wfld{s Pjd\ j}lbs lzIff
lbg] k/Dk/faf6 ;'?jft ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . h:t} M lxGb' wd{df u'?s'n lzIff jf
Clif cf>d lzIfff, af}4 wd{df u'Daf lzIff, O{:nfd wd{df db;f lzIffnfO{ o;sf]
b[i6fGt dfGg ;lsG5 . oL lzIff k|0ffnLx¿ wd{ u'?x¿, Clifd'lgx¿, leIf' tyf nfdfx¿
cflbaf6 lgodg tyf ;~rflnt x'Gy] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+:yfut Pjd\ gLlh lzIffsf]
;'?jft lj=;+= !(!) df b]j zdz]/n] :yfkgf u/]sf] b/af/ xfO{ :s'naf6 lj=;+= @))*
c;f]h & ut] …lqe'jg cfbz{ ljBfno kmlk{ªÚ g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+:yfut ljBfno dflgPsf]
5 . o; ljBfno ;j{k|yd &) hgf ljBfyL{x¿af6 ;~rfngdf cfPsf] lyof] . o; ;dodf
;fd'bflos tkm{ #%! k|f=lj=, !! df=lj=x¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;fIf/tf b/ @
k|ltzt, egf{b/ )=( k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @)@* ;fnsf] /fli6«o lzIff
k4ltsf] of]hgfn] ;fd'bflos ljBfno / ;+:yfut ljBfnonfO{ /fli6«o of]hgf leq NofO{
gLlh ljBfnonnfO{ klg ;/sf/L cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf u¥of] . lj=;+= !(#& df gLlh
ljBfnosf] ;/sf/L cg'bfg x6fO{ gLlh ljBfno vf]Ng] v's'nf] lzIff gLlt Nofof] .
lj=;+= @)$& sf] k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf kl5 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] u7g eO{ gLlh
ljBfnonfO{ sDkgL tyf ;+:yf /lh:6f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ u/fO ;~rfng ug{] pbf/ gLlt
cjnDag u¥of] . To;kl5 g]kfndf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] ;+Vof lbg b'O{ u'gf /ft
rf}u'gfn] j[l4 x'“b} uof] . lj=;+= @)%% sf] /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf]
u7g eO{ @)$( n] l;kmfl/; u/]eGbf leGg gLlh ljBfnosf] :jfldTj / k|sf/ km/s x'g]
u/L ;'emfj lbof] . o; k|ltj]bgdf gLlh ljBfno kmfObf lng] ;+:yf x'g' x'“b}g, gLlh
ljBfnox¿ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;“u} ;d'bfosf] ;]jf ug'{ kb{5 egL pNn]v ul/of] .
lj=;+= @)^# sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cg';f/ k|To]s gful/sn] dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff
lgMz'Ns kfpg] clwsf/sf] pNn]v u¥of] . To;}u/L Plzfof ljsf; a}+s (ADB) sf]
;xof]udf ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] ;'?jft u/L gLlh ljBfnosf] ¿k/]v lgodg
ug'{, dfWofldsd lzIffdf ;fd'bflos tyf gLlh If]qsf] clwstd ;xsfo{, ;'ljwf ljlxg
hg;+Vofsf] kx“rsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ h:tf kl/sNkgf NofPsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf lzIff k|0ffnLdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg w]/} ts{ ljt{s, 5nkmn ePtf klg gLlh
ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vof a9\bf] qmddf 5 . xfn g]kfndf gLlh ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vof ())) sf]
xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf] ;/sf/L tYofª\s cg';f/ &*,)),))) ljBfyL{x¿
dWo] ##,)),))) ljBfyL{x¿ gLlh ljBfnodf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut
ljBfnosf] P;=Pn=;L= kl/0ffdnfO{ x]bf{ ;+:yfut ljBfno w]/} cful8 b]lvG5 .
@)^!÷)^@ df ;fd'bflos tkm{ qmdzM %^=$ k|ltzt, %(=$ k|ltzt / gLlh tkm{ qmdzM
()=( k|ltzt, (!=^ k|ltzt glthf b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kl5Nnf] r/0fsf] glthfnfO{ x]bf{
;fd'bflos tkm{sf] glthf @*=!( k|ltzt / gLlh tkm{ (#=!@ k|ltzt hDdf plQ0f{ $#=**
k|ltzt b]lvG5 . o;/L ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿sf] glthfnfO{ x]bf{ ;fd'bflos
ljBfno sdhf]/ / ;+:yfut ljBfno alnof] b]lvG5 . lghL ljBfnox¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{]
ls, lt?T;flxt ug{] eGg] ljifodf lzIffljb\ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] rsf{] ljjfb
b]lvG5 . To;sf/0f cleefjsx¿ k|To]s z}lIFs ;qsf] ;'?jftdf cfÎgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
/fd|f] ljBfno e]6fpg tyf 5gf]6df bf]wf/df k5{g . g]kfnsf] ;du| lzIff k|0ffnL
k'g{;+/rgfsf] af/]df ;f]Rg] ;do cfPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos tyf gLlh lzIff k|0ffnLx¿df
Ps¿ktf Nofpg] ls, pgLx¿sf] dfu cg'¿k 5'§f5'§} ljsf; x'g lbg] eGg] ljifodf
cGof]ntf sfod b]lvG5 . h;dWo] g]kfndf gLlh tyf ;+:yfut lzIffsf] ¿kdf sDkgL
/lh:6f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] (% k|ltzt / u'7L ;+:yfut jf 6«:6df btf{ ePsf %
k|ltzt ljBfnox¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L ;fd'bflos tyf gLlh ljBfnonfO{ P]ltxfl;s
k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df cWoog ubf{ ;+:yfut ljBfno tkm{sf] cfsif{0f a9\bf] qmddf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljBfnoLo glthfnfO{ x]bf{ klg ;+:yfut ljBfno dfly b]lvG5 .
lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk, lzIF0f ;fdu|L, ;"rgf, ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
pkof]udf klg gjLgtf, k|of]ufTdstf, Jojxfl/stf b]lvg'n] klg o;sf] lj:tf/ ePsf]
kfOG5 . ;g\ !(() df ul/a b]zsf sl/a !@ k|ltzt gLlh ljBfno hfGy] eg] Tof] ;+Vof
clxn] bf]Aa/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf a9]/ $) k|ltzt k'Ug] ljZj k|l;4
klqsf b Osf]gf]ld:6n] k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . o;/L cfd dflg;df gLlh ljBfno g}
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg] ;+:yf xf], egL ToxL tkm{ cfslif{t ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;+:yfut
ljBfnosf ;dsfnLg z}lIfs d'2fx¿
!= ;+:yfut
ljBfnox¿nfO{ lglZrt lgod sfg'g / cg'udgsf] bfo/fleq Nofpg] ls, v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{
ug{ lbg] <
@=
;+:yfut÷gLlh ljBfno ;]jfd'vL p2]Zon] ;~rflnt 5g\ ls d'gfkmfd'vL / Jofkfl/s
p2]Zon] ;~rflnt 5g\ <
#=
;+:yfut÷gLlh ljBfno ;a} ju{ ;d'bfosf] kx'“rdf 5, ls ;DkGg / zlQm ePsfx¿sf] kx'“rdf 5
<
$=
;+:yfut÷gLlh ljBfnon] u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{] gfdd ljb]zL efiff / ;+:s[lt
ljifoj:t'nfO{ dfq k|>o lbPsf] 5, ls :jb]zL tyf :yfgLo efiff ;+:s[lt / ljifoj:t'nfO{
klg k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 <
%= x/]s
If]qdf ;fj{hlgs / lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] ;Gbe{ rln/xbf ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut
ljBfnox¿sf] ;fem]bf/L a9fpg] ls, lgif]w u/]/ cufl8 a9\g] .
^= lghL
ljBfnon] ljBfyL{x¿sf] dfgl;s ljsf;df dfq Wofg lbPsf] 5, ls u'0ffTds ljsf;df klg
Wofg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
&=
;+:yfut÷lghL ljBfnon] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ afx\o 1fgl;k ;“u}
;[hgfTds ljsf;df Wofg k'¥ofPfs] 5, ls sf]/f lstfaL 1fg dfq /6fO{ oflGqs agfPsf]
5 <
*=
;+:yfut÷lghL ljBfnon] lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;df hjfkmb]xL 5g\ ls >d zf]if0f
ul//x]sf 5g\ <
(= lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ lzIffsf] lj?4df gLlh lzIff .
!)=
;+:yfut tyf lghL ljBfnosf :s'n ejg, kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, z}lIfs ;fdu|L, ;|f]t
;fwg, z}Ifl0fs /0fgLlt pko'Qm 5g\ ls 5}gg\ <
!!=
;+:yfut÷lghL ljBfnox¿ zx/L tyf ;'ljwf ;DkGg If]qdf dfq ls, u|fdl0f tyf ;'ljwf
ljlxg If]qdf klg <
!@=
;+:yfut÷lghL ljBfnonfO{ z}lIfs If]qsf] ljsf; ug{] ls, pTkfbg pBf]u x]g{] <
!#=
;+:yfut÷lghL ljBfnon] :jb]zsf] k};fnfO{ ljb]zLOg'af6 /f]s]sf] / ;/sf/L
af]emnfO{ sd u/]sf] 5, ls ;fdflhs lje]bsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .
$=$ ;+:yfut÷lghL
ljBfno ;DalGw tTsflng gLlt lgodx¿M ;+:yfut tyf lghL ljBfnox¿nfO{ /fHosf]
d"n k|jfx NofO{ lgoGq0f, lgb{]g, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lgokg ug{]sf
nflu /fHoaf6 eP u/]sf tfTsfnLg gLlt lgodx¿nfO{ lgDgfcg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!_ ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿nfO{ /fHoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] z}lIFs
ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿ -kf7\oqmd sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL tflnd, lzIfs tflnd cflb_ df
;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
@_ ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lglb{i6 ul/Psf
kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts tyf k/LIff k|0ffnL clgjfo{ ¿kdf nfu' ug{], cGo ljBfno
Joj:yfkg kIfdf :jottf k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
#_ ;+:yfut / ;fd'bflos ljBfno larsf] cGt/lqmof a9fO{
;+o'Qm ¿kdf kf7\oqmd / z}lIfs lqmofsnfknfO{nkl/is[t agfpb} cufl8 a9\g] jftfj/0f
tof/ kfl/g] 5 .
$_ ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg, cfly{s ;|f]tsf]
kl/rfng / k|of]unfO{ lhDd]jf/ Pjd\ hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ agfpg', ;'kl/j]If0f,
lgoGq0f tyf k[i7kf]if0f k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO k|of]udf NofOg] 5 .
%_ g]kfnsf] P]g ;+zf]wg @)^# sf] bkmf ! …`Ú adf]lhd
;+:yfut ljBfnon] ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf s'n ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf sDtLdf !) k|ltzt g36\g]
u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd ljkGg, rkfË, dlxnf, blnt jf hghflt ljBfyL{nfO{ lgMz'Ns
5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg' kg{] 5 .
^= cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] $% k|ltzt cf/lIft 5fqj[lQ
sf]6fdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ gkfpg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 .
&= g]kfnsf] d:of}bf ;+ljwfg @)&@ n] lghL tyf
;+:yfut ljBfno vf]Ng] ;DaGwL xs v's'nf] / pbf/k"0f{ ¿kdf nfOPsf] 5 .
1.
%=
lgisif{M ;+:yfut tyf lghL ljBfno
cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg], :yfkgf ug{], ljsf; lj:tf/ ug{] tyf Joj:yfkg / ;'wf/ ug{]
sfo{ lghL tyf JolQmut ¿kdf ul/Psf] x'G5, o;nfO{ g} ;+:yfut jf lghL ljBfno elgG5
. ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] Oltxf; g]kfndf Tolt nfdf] geP klg o;n] cfkm"nfO{ ljsf;
/ lj:tf/ ub{} lbg b'O{ u'0ff / /ft rf}u'0ffsf] ultdf cufl8 a9fO{ /x]sf] 5 .
;+:yfut ljBfnon] u'0ffTds eGbf kl/df0ffTdstfdf a9L Wofg lbPsfn] cfd dflg;df
lghL ljBfno ljBfno g} u'0f:t/Lo / pko'Qm xf], eGg] b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5
. o;/L ;+:yfut ljBfno cufl8 a9L /xGbf /fHo lg/Lx / lghL If]q alnfo] b]lvG5 .
o;n] ubf{ ;fdflhs lje]bsf] vf8n ulx/f] x'g uPsf] 5 . /fHon] ;fd'bflos tyf lghL
ljBfno lar cfk;L ltSttf geO{ ;xsfo{ / ;xof]uaf6 /fHosf] z}lIfs
!!=;fd'bflos ;xeflutf
Introduction:
c+u|]hL
zAb Community sf] g]kfnL
?kfGt/0f ;d'bfo xf] . of] c+u|]hLsf] com / munis ldn]/ ag]sf] xf]
. Com sf] cy{ Ps;fy (together)
/ Munis
sf] cy{ ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ (to serve) eGg] x'G5 . jf Ps
;fy Ps} :yfgdf hDdf eO ;]jf ug'{nfO{ g} ;d'bfo elgG5 . Pp6f lglZrt
e"uf]nleq a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] ;d"x g} ;d'bfo xf] hxfF lglZrt
ju{sf] ;+nUgtf x'G5 . lglZrt e"efudf a;f]af; ug]{ ;dfh, hflt, wd{, efiff,
;:sf/, ;:s[lt, /xg;xg, rfnrng ePsf hdftnfO{ g} ;d'bfosf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
hf] cfˆgf] ;d'bfok|lt k|lta4 / lgi7fjfg\
/xG5g\ . ;femf pb\b]Zo ePsf xfdL xf} eGg] efjgf /x]sf] zlQmx?sf] ;d"xnfO{
g} ;d'bfo elgG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;dfhzf:qL cf]6fj] eG5g\ —lglZrt e'—efudf a;f]af;
ug]{ dflg;x?sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;d'bfo elgG5 . ;d'bfodf dflg;x? cfˆgf] ;+u7g /
pb\b]Zok|lt ;hu x'G5g\ . To;}u/L csf{ lj4fg\ lsª\:n] 8]le; sf cg';f/ ;d'bfo
To:tf] ;fgf] ef}uf]lns ;d"x xf] h;n] ;fdflhs hLjgsf ;a} kIfx? c+ufn]sf]
x'G5 . s'g} klg sfo{df ;lqmo pkl:ylt hgfpg' g} ;xeflutf xf] . gful/sn] cfˆgf]
zlQm jf Ifdtf / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;lqmo pkl:ylt hgfO k|ltlqmof JoSt ug'{ g}
;xeflutf xf] . lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf z;StLs/0f e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ klg
;xeflutf xf] . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf cfkm";Fu ePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lg0f{o u/L
To;df hgfOPsf] ;lqotfnfO{ g} ;xeflutf elgG5 . s'g} klg >f]t , ;fwg / ;]jfsf]
k|of]u ug'{ klg ;xeflutf xf] . s'g} klg ljifodf ;Nnfx ;'emfj lng' lbg',
ldl6ª\x?df pkl:ylt hgfpg', zlQmx?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{ h:tf sfo{x? klg ;xeflutf
xf] . ;du|df eGbf ;]jfsf] k|of]u, >f]tdf of]ubfg, a}6sdf ;xeflutf d'2fx?df
;dGjo ljt/0fdf ;xeflutf, zlQm k|of]u / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL xg' g};xeflutf
xf] . z}lIfs sfo{qmd sfoG{jog x'g] :yfg / If]qsf ;DalGwt kIfsf] lzIff of]hgf
lgdf{0f tyf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f b]lv sfo{Gjogsf] tx;Dd ;a}df ;xeflutf x'g'nfO{
lzIffdf :yfgLo ;xeflutf elgG5 . :yfgLo :t/sf ;+3 ;+:yf, cleefjs lzIffk|]dL,
a'l4lhjL, /fhgLlt1, ;dfh;]jL, ;flxTo snf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ JolSt ;+:yf tyf
:yfgLo ;~rf/sf ljb\w'tLo tyf 5fkfdfWodx?, ;~rf/, ;+:yfx? h:tf :yfgLo JolSt tyf
;+:yfx?sf] lzIffdf ;+nUgtf / ;xeflutf x'g'nfO{ lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf elgG5
. o;df cleefjs ;+nUgtf emg\ a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ctM z}lIfs of]hgf
kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f sfo{b]lv lnP/ To;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] tx;Dd :yfgLo
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutf /xg' lzIffdf ;d'bfo ;xeflutf xf] . To;}n] t kf7\oqmd
lgdf{0f sfof{Gjog k'g k/dfh{g / k'g sfo{Gjog ;Ddsf ;a} sfo{df :yfgLo ;xeflutf
cfjZos x'G5 . :yfgLo JolSt / ;d'bfosf cfjZostf / rfxgf cg's'n x'g] u/L kf7\oqmd
lgdf{0f tyf sfof{GjognfO{ Jojxfl/s agfO ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d]t plrt kl/rfng ug{
lzIf0fdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clgjfo{ / ckl/xfo{ 5 .lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf
/fd|f] ePsf] v08df :yfgLo cfjZostf cg's'nsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ z}lIfs
;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{, cfkgTjsf] dx;'; u/fpg, dlxnf tyf afn lzIffnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug{, lzIffsf nflu 3/fo;L pko'St jftfj/0f tof/ ug{Ù lzIffsf nflu ;a}sf] kxF'r /
cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug{, e]befjhGo Jojxf/ x6fpg, ;fdflhs Pstf / efOrf/fsf] efjgf
ljsf; u/fpg cflb h:tf ljljw sfo{sf nflu lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clgjfo{ /
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfljgf s'g} klg z}lIfs sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ?kdf
sfo{Gjog x'g ;Sb}gg\ . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf ljgf tof/ ul/Psf] kf7\oqmd tyf
z}lIfs k|of; kmnljxLg aGg k'U5 . To;}n] lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf cfjZos /
clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 .
2.
Objectives
of the Review: o; cWoogsf] ;fdfGo pb\b]Zo lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf
;DalGw cWoog / ljZn]if0f ug'{ xf] . o;sf] ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo lgDg k|Zgsf] vf]hL ug{
s]lGb|t x'g]5 .
s_ ljBfnodf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf]
gLltut Joj:yfsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd vf]hL ug{.
Concept
of Community Participation in Education: :yfgLo :t/sf ;+3;+:yf, cleefjs,
lzIffk|]dL, a'l4lhjL, ;dfh;]jL, /fhgLlt1, ;flxTosnf If]qdf sfo{ug]{
;dk"0f{ JolQm, ;+:yf tyf :yfgLo ;~rf/sf ljb\w'tLo tyf 5fkfdfWodx?, ;~rf/
cflb h:tf :yfgLo JolQm tyf ;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtf / ;xeflutf /xg' jf x'g'nfO{
lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf elgG5 . k|ToIf ?kdf ;d'bfoaf6 lzIffdf ;xeflu x'g' g}
lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf xf] . cleefjsx?n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff lngsf]
nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L ljBfnodf ;xeflu u/fpg' kb{5 / ljBfnon] klg
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj/0fdf pknlAwd"ns 9ª\un] lzIff xfl;n
u/fpg d2t ug'{kb{5 . lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffnfO{ x]bf{
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf u/fO{ lzIfflbg yfn]sf] vf;} nfdf] ;do ePsf] b]lvb}g . @))&
k"j{ /f0ffx?nfO{ / ;dfhsf s]xL ;Dd|fGt ju{nfO{ dfq lzIff kfpg] xs lyof] .
@)!&—@)$% ;fnsf] ;do;Dd /fHosf] k|e'Tj / /fli6«o efjgf cg'?ksf] lzIff /
z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf s]Gb|Los/0f ePsf] kfOG5 . To; kZrft @)$& ;fnb]lv
xfn;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ lzIffdf k|hftlGqs/0fsf] cjlw dflgG5 . o; ;dodf
k"0f{ ?kdf lzIffdf nuflg, ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;+:yfut ljBfnox? cToflws a[l4, ljZjJofkL k|fylds lzIffdf
k|ltj4tf / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfk"0f{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ePsf] kfOG5 . t;y{ jt{dfg
@)$& ;fn b]lv otfsf] ;donfO{ cToflws dfqfdf lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
Characteristics
of Community Participation in Education: ;d'bfo eg]sf] Pp6f lglZrt
e"uf]n leq a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] ;d"x xf], hxfF lolgx?n] Ps cfk;df
cfˆgf OR5f rfxgf ?lr / ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ub{5g\ . of] Pp6f To:tf]
;f+s]lts ;Ldf xf], hxfF lglZrt ju{sf] ;+nUgtf x'G5 . To;}u/L ;xeflutf eg]sf]
;]jfsf] k|of]u, >f]tdf of]ubfg, sfo{qmddf ;xefuL, d'2fx?sf] ;dGjo ljt/0fdf
;xefuL, zlQm k|of]u / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf jf:tljs ?kdf ;xefuL x'g' xf] .
;xeflutfTds lzIff eg]sf] ljBfnoleq x'g] lqmofsnfk dfq geP/ of] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo /
;dfh;Fu klg ;DalGwt x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs ljsf;sf] lglDt logLx?dWo] s'g}
Pssf] dfq ;t k|ltzt lhDd]jf/L /xb}g / cfdfa'af jf kl/jf/n] dfq afnaflnsfsf]
lzIffsf] lglDt k"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb}gg\ . afnaflnsfsf] lzIff
ljsf;sf] lglDt kl/jf/ / cfdfa'af eGbf aflx/sf] jftfj/0f klg cfjZosLo 5 . ;d'bfo / ;dfhn] cfdfafa' / kl/jf/nfO{
o:tf] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ sL h;af6 afnaflnsfsf] a'l4 ljsf;, ;fdfhLlss/0f /
z}lIfsLs/0fdf 7"nf] ;xof]u ub{5 . ljBfno To:tf ;+:yfx? x'g\ h;n] ;dfh nflu
afn aflnsfx?nfO{ /fd|f] of]ubfg lbg] ynf]sf] ?kdf lnOG5, hxfF l;sf?nfO{ l;kx?n]
k"0f{ agfpg] sfo{ x'G5 . ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf ljgf ljBfno ;~rfng x'g ;Dej 5}g
/ x'b}g klg . ljBfnon] ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f g]t[Tj jug]{ l;ksf]
ljsf;, Ps csf{df ;DaGw hf]8\g] / lzIfsnfO{ klg ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf sfo{df ;xefuL
u/fp5 . lzIffdf ;d'bfo ;xeflutfsf ljz]iftfx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
1.
;d'bfo ;xeflutfn] lzIfs ljb\ofyL{ / cleefjsnfO{ lzIffdf
ckgTjsf] dx;'; u/fpg',
2.
o;n] pknAw l;ldt >f]t / ;fwgsf] :yfgLo :t/af6} kl/rfng
u/L lzIffnfO{ ult k|bfg ug'{,
3.
:yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog
ug'{,
4.
lzIff k|lt cleefas tyf ;d'bfosf] lhDd]jf/L / dxTjaf]w
u/fpg',
5.
;d'bfo /
ljb''ofnosf] ;DaGwnfO{ dha't agfpg',
6.
lzIffsf nflu kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhs pko'St jftfj/0f tof/
kfg'{,
7.
kl/jf/ tyf ljBfnodf pko'St l;sfO{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{,
8.
ljBfno, ;d'bfo, cleefjs / ljb\ofyL{ aLrdf lgoldt z}lIfs
;~rf/sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{,
9.
ljBfnodf x'g] lzIff ;DalGw sfo{qmd tyf lg0f{o lgdf{0f
k|lqmofdf cleefjsx?sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug'{,
10. ljBfnodf b]lvPsf
ljljw ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg u/L pko'St z}lIfs jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{,
11. afnssf] klxnf]
kf7zfnf 3/ ePsfn] cleefjsnfO{ afnssf]
pko'St l;sfO jftfj/0faf/] af]w u/fpg',
12. lzIffdf ;a}sf]
;dfg kx'Fr, ;xeflutf pQ/bfloTj / ;dfg pkef]u ug]{ cjZo l;h{gf ug'{,
13. o;n] lzIffdf
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjog ug'{,
14.;d'bfo / kl/jf/nfO{ lzIffdf ;xefuL u/fO
afnaflnsfsf] u'0f:toLo l;sfO / gofF kl/j]zsf lglDt tof/ kfg]{ k|of; ug'{,
15. ;d'bfo ;xeflutfn]
ljb\ofyL{sf] lgoldt ;xeflutf / ;d:ofsf] kl/k'lt{ ug'{,
16. >d ;fdu|L tyf
e"ld nufot cfly{s of]ubfgdf ;xof]u ug'{,
17. ljBfno If]qsf]
of]hgf lgdf{0f, lzIfssf] ;xeflutf tyf pkl:yltsf] lgu/fgL jf cg'udg ug'{,
18. :yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf]
;'rgf ;Fu} cg'zf;g snfsf] jf l;ksf] ljsf; ug'{ cflb .
Historical
Development in the Policy Issue: g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnsf]
cf}krfl/s lzIff ljsf;sf] Oltxf; Tolt nfdf] b]lvb}g . @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq
k|flKt kl5 dfq cfw'lgs lzIffsf] ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG5 . ha g]kfndf @))& ;fndf
k|hftGq k|fKt eof] . To;kl5 lzIff ljsf;sf nflu lgs} 7"nf] k|of; ePsf]
kfOG5 . /f0ffx?sf] zf;g cGTo geP;Dd lzIffdf hg;xeflutf vf;} /x]sf] kfOb}g,
;xefuL eP klg /f0ffx?sf ;Gtfg dfq lzIffsf] 3]/fleq /xg] ub{y] . ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ Wofg lbPsf] lyPg . ha h+uaxfb'/n] lj=;+= !(!) ;fn c;f]h
@& ut] c+u|]hL k|f/lDes :s'n :yfkgf u/] To;kl5 dfq g]kfndf lzIff k/Dk/f
cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;'?jft ePsf] lyof] . @))& ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kl5
;d'bfon] ljBfnosf] cfwf/e"t, sfo{ut / cfly{s ?kdf dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOG5 . k~rfotL Joj:yfdf cof{nsf ;a} ljBfnosf]
;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfkg k|ltsf] ePk5L ljBfnodf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ljs]Gb|Ls[t
kf7\oqmd k|0ffnL / ;fj{hlgs :jfldTj /xg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos s]Gb|sf
?kdf kf7zfnf k|efjsf/L hg;Dks{ jf ;d'bfo ;xeflutgfsf] j[l4, k|f}9 lzIffsf] pGglt
;fd'bflos k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf OToflb sfo{af6 kf7zfnLo sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmn agfpg'k5{
-/f=lz=of]=cf.=, @)!!_ . /f=lz=of]=cf= !! n] kf7zfnfnfO{ ;d'bfo;Fu ;Da4 u/fP/
pgLx?s} xslxtsf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf u/fO ljBfnosf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;~rfng ug{]
egL JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L o; cfof]un] ælzIff If]qdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf
u/fO{ cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg :yfgLo
;ldltnfO{ ;d]t z'Ns, s/ nufpg] / p7fpg] clwsf/
k|bfg ug{'kg{] gLltut Joj:yfsf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . o;n] klg lzIff
If]qdf ;d'bfo ;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu ;d'bfonfO{ z'Ns p7fpg] s/ nufpg] h:tf
sfo{x? ug{] gLlt lnPsf] kfOG5 . ;dfhsf k|To]s c+unfO{ ;fIf/ agfpgsf ;fy}
hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd lbgsf] nflu ;dfg lzIffsf] JoJ:yf ul/g'kg{] / k|To]s lhNnfsf
!÷! hgf ;dfh lzIff ;+u7gstf{ /fVg'kg{] / To;}u/L lzIffnfO{ b]z ;dfg / JolStsf
lgldQ ;a} b[li6af6 pkof]uL agfpg'kg{] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;a}
b[li6af6 pkof]uL agfpg'kg{] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;fIf/tf /
hLjgf]kof]uL tflndsf nflu lzIffdf ;d'bfo ;xeflutfsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] s'/f
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5, -;=/f=lz=;=k|=, @)!*_
. o; k|ltj]bgn] ;dfhnfO{ ;fIf/ / lzlIft agfpg lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] clgjfo{
;xeflutf u/fO{ pko'St lzIff k|bfg ug{'kg{] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|To]s
JolStdf ;fj{ef}d dfgjLo d"Nosf ;fy} ;fdflhs dfGotf / cf:yfx?sf] ;Da4{g u/L
:j:y ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ k|fylds txb]lv pRr tx;Ddsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?nfO{
pko'St / ;fGble{s ?kn] ;dfof]hg ug{'kg{] gLltut Joj:yf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 -@)$(
sf] k|ltj]bg_ . lzIffdf ;dfg ;xeflutfsf nflu ;fdflhs dfGotf / cf:yf cg'?k
lzIffsf] k|fylds b]lv pRr tx;Ddsf sfo{qmdx?df ;d'bfosf] ;+nUg u/fpg'kg{] gLlt
tyf sfo{qmd o; k|ltj]bgn] /fv]sf] kfOG5 . ;dfhdf kl5 k/]sf JolStnfO{ /fli6«o
d"nwf/df ;dflxt ug{sf nflu ;a} txsf lzIffdf dlxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf hghflt tyf ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf nflu lzIff / tflndsf]
Joj:yf ug{] / ;d'bfosf cgfy tyf c;xfo afnaflnsfx?sf nflu ;d'lrt lzIffsf] Joj:yf
ug{] h:tf ljljw gLltx? l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 -/f=lz=cf=k|=, @)$(_ . g]kfn
ax'hflto, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts b]z ePsfn] lzIffdf x/]s hfthflt, wd{,
;+:s[ltaf6 ;dfg ;xefuL u/fpgsf nflu dlxnf, c;xfo afn aflnsf, cgfy, ckfË
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d'lrt lzIffsf] cjnDsg u/L lzIffsf] /fli6«o d"nwf/df ;xefuL
u/fpg] gLlt /f=lz=cf=k|= @)$( n] cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf tyf :jod\;]js ;d"xx?sf] ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ug{'kg{] /
ljs]lGb|t Joj:yf tyf ;xeflutfTds ljlwdf hf]8 lbg ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{],
To;}u/L :yfgLo lgsfo, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3;+:yf tyf cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L
;+3;+:yf;Fu ;fem]bf/L sfod ug{] / ljBfnosf] ;~rfng k|lqmof ;DaGwL ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t eP/ ;fd'bflos Joj:yfkgnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] gLlt l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5
-;j}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd, @))$–@))(_ . ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdn] klg ;d'bfo
;xeflutfaf/] s]xL gLltx?sf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ;d'bfo ;xeflutfsf
nflu :jod\ ;]jsx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{] / ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{] h:tf
sfo{qmdx? u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fy} cGt/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf
ljBfno ;~rfng k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf /fv]/ ;xefuLtf a9fpg] k|of;x? klg
o; sfo{qmdn] /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;dfhdf /x]sf ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt
;d'bfosf] dfWolds lzIffdf ;xeflutfn] pbfx/0fLo e"ldsf v]Ng'kg{] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 -dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd_ . ;fdflhs ;'ljwfx?af6 jl~rt ;d'bfonfO{
dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbG5 h;n] ubf{ lzIffdf
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf cGt/;DalGwt x'g] u5{ . To;}n] lzzIffdf ;d'bfosf]
;xeflutfnfO{ dfWolds lzIff sfo{qmdn] O§f yKg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+
;d'bfonfO{ ljBfno, k|ljlw lzIfno, SofDk; / ljZjljBfno ;~rfngdf lhDd]jf/L ;lxt
;xefuL agfpg] / k|f/lDes afn ljsf; lzIffdf ljkGg blnt tgyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf]
afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfdf kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L o; sfo{df ;+nUg ;/sf/L ;fd'bflos tyf
cGo lgsfosf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;dGjofTds ?kdf cl3 a9fpg] afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf]
Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t} ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf tyf :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng
ug{'kg{] s'/f ;d]t o; of]hgfn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 -lqjifL{o of]hgf,
)^&÷)^&–)^(÷&)_ . o; of]hgfn] :yfgLo ;xeflutfsf nflu ljBfno
;~rfngdf ;xefuL agfO ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{x? ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L
x/]s If]qsf afnaflnsfsf] pNn]Vo ;xeflutfsf nflu ;fd'bflos tyf cGo sfo{qmdx?df
afnaflnsnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{] / o:tf sfo{qmdx? :yfgLo :t/nfO{ g} ;~rfng ug{ k|]l/t
ug{] gLlt klg o; of]hgfsf] /x]sf] 5 h;n] lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf jf
;xeflutfdf j[l4 eO /x]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes afn ljsf; s]Gb|x?sf] ;~rfng / lgoldt
cg'udgsf] nflu :yfgLo lgsfo, ;d'bfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 /
;d'bfosf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] ?kdf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?nfO{ k7gkf7g
/ Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{, ;ifd agfpg, ;xsfo{ ug{] Joj:yf
;d]t ldnfOg] Joj:yf Nofpg' kb{5, -t]x|f}+ of]hgf, &)÷)&#_ . o; of]hgfn]
klg lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutgfsf nflu ;xsfo{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;d'bfon]
ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/Lo k7gkf7g, Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ;Ifd ljb\ofyL{ pTkfbg ug{sf nflu
xft]dfnf] ub{} ;d'bfosf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{'kg{] gLlt klg o; t]x|f}+ of]hgfn]
/fv]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t}u/L ;d'bfo / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k"j{ k|fylds lzIff /
jfnljsf; s]Gb|x?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; kx'Fr, lj:tf/, ;xhstf{ / Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
Ifdtf ljsf; / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/, cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ?kdf clt ljkGg ju{sf
afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng
ul/g]5 egL jt{dfg t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] kfOG5 . @)^# sf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !& df lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xssf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5
. h;df pkwf/f ! cGtu{t k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cfˆgf]
dft[efiffdf cfwf/d"t lzIff kfpg] Ps x'g]5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o; gLltn]
klg lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{ ;xsfo{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . wf/f @% df
/fHosf lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt cGtu{t wf/f -*_ df dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff :jf:Yo /
/f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df cflwsfl/s ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt
/fHn] cjnDag ug{]5, -g]=c=;+= @)^#_ . cGtl/d ;|ljwfgn] dlxnf lzIffdf hf]8 lbO
dlxnfx?nfO{ cj;/sf] ;Lh{gf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{sf nflu lzIff lbg'kg{]
lgodsf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . o; gLltn] dlxnf ;xeflutf klg ;d'bfosf] lzIffdf Ps
;xeflutf xf] To;}n] logLx?nfO{ /f]huf/L / lzIffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g'kg{]
Joj:yf l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ljBfno lzIffsf nflu kf7\oqmd ljsf;
k|lqmofnfO{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg'sf ;fy} kf7\oqmd ljsf;sf]
k|lqmofdf clefjs, lzIfs, n}lª\us ljz]if1, ;fd'bflos ?kdf kl5 k/]sf hghflt blnt
cflbsf] pRr ;xeflutfnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 -/fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f?k, @)^#_ . o;
k|f?ksf] p2]Zo kf7\oqmd :yfgLo cfjZostf / rfxgf cg';f/ lgdf{0f x'g'kg{] /
kf7\oqmddf ;dfhsf x/]s kIfsf cleefjs, lzIfs, n}lª\us ljz]if1, ckfª\u, hghflt,
blnt, lk5l8Psf, cNk;+Vos h:tf kIfsf ;xefuLtf x'g'kg{] /fv]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{
lzIffdf ;d'bfosf x/]s kIfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf /xg uO ;d'bfo, ;dfh, ufpF, lhNnf /
;du| b]zs} ljsf; x'g] s'/f o; k|f?kn] k|i6 kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . k5l8Psf] kl/jf/
;d'bfosf] afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIffdf kx'r / ;xeflutf a9fpg tyf dfWoflds lzIff
k"/f u/fpg ljz]if k|f]T;fxg ldNg] vfnsf sfo{qmd NofOg'sf ;fy} dfWolds
lzIffdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] cTolws j[l4 u/fpg ljleGg pkfox? ug'{ / ;/sf/n] ljBfno
;'wf/ of]hgfsf cfwfl/t /sd ljBfnonfO{ k|bfg ug]{ / ljBfnon] ;d'bfodf ePsf
:yfgLo >f]tsf] kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ 5,,-SSRP 2066-072_ . o; of]hgfn] ljBfno jf lzIffdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;d'bfo
;xeflutf clgjfo{ /x]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . ha lzIffdf x/]skl/jf/sf] afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr
k'Ub5 ToxfF ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ePsf] dflgG5 . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf nflu o;
of]hgfn] 5fqfj]l4, dlxnf lzIff, ckfª\u d}qL lzIff ;dfj]z lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;dfh ;fk]If / /fli6«o cfjZostfnfO{ cfj4 ub}{ cfGtl/s / jfXo bIftf
clej[l4 u/L lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{ ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ u/L
o;nfO{ a9L k|ltlglwTjk"0f{ / clwsf/ ;DkGg t'NofO a9L :jfpQtf / z}lIfs
k|zf;gnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ gLlt l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5, -p=/f=lz=cf=k|=@)%%_ . o;
k|ltj]bgn] z}lIfs hg;xeflutf h'6fO cfly{s kIf / ;/sf/L nufgL ug]{ / ;fdflhs cfly{s / ef}uf]lns cflb b[li6n]
kl5l8Psf ju{sf nflu lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ nIo klg /fv]sf] b]lvG5 .
;d'bfosf] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lzIffdf ;xeflu u/fO lg/If/ cGd'ng ug{ / cgf}krfl/s
lzIffnfO{ klg cleofgsf] ?kdf lnO{ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 . x/]s ju{sf
afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffdf kx'Fr j[l4 ug{sf nflu klg lzIff ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutgf
clgjfo{ /x]sf] Joj:yf klg o; k|ltj]bgn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lzIffsf]
P]ltxfl;s sfo{qmd x]bf{ ;d'bfo ;xeflutf lzIffdf clgjfo{ /x]sf] / ;d'bfo
;xeflutfn] g} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/Lotfsf] j[l4 u/L b]z lgdf{0f ug{] ePsfn] ;d'bfo
;xeflutf ;DaGwL ljleGg gLltx? l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
Current Policy
Provision: ljBfno eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf x'g\ o:tf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf /
;d'bfosf ljrdf k|efjsf/L ;DaGw x'g'k5{ . ljBfno / ;d'bfolar lqmofTds ;DaGw
ePdfq ljBfnox? ;Ifd x'G5g\ . ljBfnodf lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk :t/Lo,
pknlAwd"ns / k|efjsf/L agfpg, ljBfno ;';~rfng ug{ / ef}lts Joj:yfkg cflb
s'/fdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clt cfjZos k5{g\ . ;d'bfo ;xeflutf ;DaGwdf ePsf
jt{dfg gLltx?sf] rrf{ oxfF ul/Psf] 5 . cleefjsn] ljBfnodf lgjf{x ug{'kg{]
e"ldsfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng / lbg, ljBfno / ;d'bfo larsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/
agfpgsf nflu ;d'bfosf ljleGg JolQm / cleefjsx?sf] ;xeflutf clgjfo{ x'G5, -lzIfs
cleefjs ;+3_ . afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpFb}df cleefjssf] lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo k'/f
ePsf] dfGg ;lsFb}g . afnaflnsf jf:tjdf hfg]/ jf ghfgL ;xL ?kdf cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf
x'g\ opf xf]Ogg\ oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub{} ljBfnodf afnaflnsf lgoldt pkl:ylt
x'g] jf gx'g] eP/ klg lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf gb]vfpg], u[xsfo{x? u/]sf
5g\ jf 5}gg\ o:tf sfo{xaf6 ljBfyL{df ePsf jf:tljs pknlAw ljBfyL{sf sdL sdhf]/L
klxrfg / ;'wf/ cflb kIfsf] af]w cleefjsnfO{ x'g h?/L 5 . o;/L cleefjs jf
;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfn] l;sf?sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] lzIfs
cleefjs ;+3n] klg ;d'bfo ;xeflutf ;DaGwL gLltx? l;kmfl/; u/]sf] kfOG5 .lk5l8Psf
kl/jf/sf ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf nflu kx'Fr / ;xeflutf a9fpg tyf dfWolds lzIff
k'/f u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljz]if k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd NofO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} u/L
dfWolds lzIffdf, dlxnf ;xeflutf blnt ;xeflutf, ljkGg ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutf, hghflt, ckfª\u, b[li6ljxLg ljleGg vfnsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg /
clej[l4 ug{ ljleGg pkfox?sf] cjnDag l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 , - S S R P 2o66-072 ) . ;'? ;'?df
;d'bfosf s]xL ;d|fGt ju{sf x'g] vfg]x?n] dfq lzIff cfh{g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ lyof]
. jt{dfg ;dodf cfP/ ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qsf, lk5l8Psf blnt, ckfË, dlxnf, hghflt
cflb kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6L ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff nfu" u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;n]
ubf{ ;d'bfosf x/]s JolQmx? lzIffdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L o;
of]hgfn] dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lgz'Ns lzIff kfpg] k|To]s gful/ssf] xsnfO{ ;fsf/
agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 h;n] ubf{ x/]s ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf lzIffdf ;dfg
?kdf x'g'k5{ eGg] gLlt l;kmfl/; ePsf] b]lvG5 To;}u/L ;d'bfo ;xeflutfsf nflup
;/sf/n] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfsf cfwfl/t /sd ljBfnonfO{ k|bfg ug{] / ljBfnonn] klg
;d'bfodf ePsf] :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{'kg{] h:tf sfo{x? jt{dfg ;dodf
eO/x]sf] 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfno k|fljlws lzIffno, SofDk; /
ljZjljBfno ;~rfngdf lhDd]jf/L k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIffdf ljkGg blnt, ;LdfGts[t
;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L o; sfo{df ;+nUg ;/sf/L ;fd'bflos tyf cGo
lgsfosf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;dGjofTds ?kdf cl3 a9fpFb} afnljsf; s]Gb|x?sf] Joj:yfkg
;'wf/ Nofpg :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] gLlt l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5, -lqjifL{o
of]hgf, @)^&÷@)&)_ . o; of]hgfn] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf nflup :yfgLo
lgsfo / ;d'bfonfO{ g} ljBfno ;~rfng ug{'kg{] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}
o; of]hgfn] ljBfnsf jf lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? r':t b'?:t agfpgsf nflu tt\tt\ If]q;Dd
;DalGwt :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ kl/rfng u/L lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf j[l4 ug{]
gLltx?sf] cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] kof{Kt ;xeflutfsf] nflu
g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf klg k|i6 gLlt NofPsf] b]lvG5 . æk|To]s ;d'bfonfO{
sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] x'g]5Æ,
-g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#_ . lzIffdf x/]s dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] Joj:yf o;
;+ljwfgdf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . xfn !@# j6f efiffnfO{ /fi6«efiffsf] dfGotf lbO ;/sf/L
sfdsfh, lzIffdf k|of]u ug{ kfOg] gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] kl5 k/]sf k|To]s
;d'bfox? lzIffsf] kx'Fr / ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt geO x/]s ;d'bfon] lzIffdf ;dfg
;xeflutfsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff :jf:Yo /
/f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df clwsflws ;xefuL gLlt /fHon]
cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 klg x/]s If]qsf dlxnfx?nfO{ lzIffdf ;dfj]z u/L
dlxnfx?nfO{ ;d[4 agfO ;d'bfodf lzIffsf] kx'Fr j[l4sf nflu ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5
. ha dlxnfx? ;Da[4 x'G5g\ ta ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf a9\g] ub{5 . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf
ufpF lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g u/L ;d'bfo ;xeflutfTds sfo{x?sf] lgwf{/0f jt{dfgdf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds lzIff ;Ddsf] cWoog u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ug{],
:yfgLo >f]t, ;fwgsf] klxrfg / kl/rfngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljBfnonfO{ k|fKt
>f]t ;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8 ug{], ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf afnaflnsfdf lzIffdf
;xeflutfsf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u ug{], ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;'wf/sf nflu /sd lgsf;f
ug{ ;~rfns ;ldltdf cg'/f]w ug{], ljBfnodf z}lIfs jftfj/0f tof/ ug{], ljleGg
k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{gLltsf] l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5, -lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(_
. o;/L ;d'bfo ;xeflutf ;DaGwL jt{dfgdf ljljw gLltx?sf] l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] b]vG5 .
:yfgLo txdf hg;xeflutfsf] k|ToIf sfo{Gjogsf nflu ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] :yfgLo ;ª\u7gsf] dxTGjk"0f{ xf] . ljBfno k|=c=n]
cfˆgf dftxtdf lzIfs sd{rf/L / ljBfyL{dfly rnfpg] k|zf;g Pj+ ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltn] ug{] Joj:yfkgnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf ljBfnosf] :yfgLo Joj:yfkg jf k|zf;g elgG5
. ljBfno lzIffdf cfd ;/sf]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xfof]u h'6fO ljBfno k|lt ;d'bfosf]
rf;f] tyf pQ/bfloTj j[l4u/L Jofks ;xeflutf h'6fpg ljBfno txnfO{ :yfgLo txsf]
;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{] sfo{nfO{ ;/sf/n] a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;d'bfo /
lzIff Psfsf/ agfO z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfo / lzIfs ljBfyL{sf] ;xof]u clej[l4
ug{ lzIff lgodfjnLdf ;d'bfon] lhDdf lnPsf] ljBfnosf] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfkg ug{]
lhDdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ ;'Dk]sf] 5 . ;d'bfon] lhDdf glnPsf ljBfnosf]
Joj:yfkg sfo{df klg lj=Jo=;=nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg] k|oTg ePsf] kfOG5 .
;d'bfoåf/f ;~rflnt ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/G5 .
s_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg
lhDdf lng lgj]bg lbg' kg]{
!_ s'g} ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lng rfxg]
:yfgLo lgsfo jf Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] b]xfosf sfuhft ;+nUg u/L lhNnf lzIff sfo{nodf
lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 .
c_ ;fd'bflos ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ ;DaGwL slDtdf ltg jif]{
sfo{ of]hgf tof/ kfg'{ .
cf_ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lhDdf lng] eP ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg lhDdf
lng] ;DaGwdf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o x'g'kb{5 .
O_ :yfgLo lgsfon] lhDdf lng] eP ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;f]
k|of]hgsf nflu ePsf] lg0f{o rflxg] .
@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt ePdf lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/Ln] lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg lhDdflbg x'g] jf gx'g]
;DaGwdf cfjZostf cg';f/ cfkm}+ jf cfˆgf] dftxtsf] s'g} clws[tåf/f ljBfnosf]
:ynut lg/LIf0f ug'{ jf u/fpg' kb{5 .
#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|fKt ePsf] lgj]bg ;lxtsf] suhft tyf
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] :ynut lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg hfFra'em ubf{ ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lbg plrt b]lvPdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] lgj]bsnfO{
To:tf] ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lbg'kb{5 .
$_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhd ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lbFbf lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/Ln] Joj:yfkg lhDdflng] :yfgLo lgsfo jf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;Fu ljBfno ;~rfng
;DaGwdf ;Demf}tf ug'{kb{5 .
%_ pklgod -$_ adf]lhd ;Demf}tfdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L, ljBfnosf] ;DklQsf]
;+/If0f
z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ zt{x? tyf ;Demf}tf cGTo ug{ ;lsg]
cfwf/ pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
^_ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] pklgod -#_ adf]lhd ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lbPsf] hfgsf/L clen]vsf] nflu lgb]{zgfno, ljefu / lzIfs lstfavfgfnfO{
lbg'kb{5 .
v_ ;d'bfoåf/f ;~rflnt ljBfno lhDdf lng] :yfgLo
lgsfosf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ ;d'bfoåf/f ;~rflnt ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lng]
:yfgLo lgsfosf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 .
c_ ljBfnosf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;~rfng ug{
Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
cf_ ;do—;dodf ljBfnosf] lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ug]{ / To;/L
lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ubf{ s'g} sldsdhf]/L b]lvPdf ;f]sf] lgsfs/0fsf nflu
Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg jf ;'emfj lbg'kb{5 .
O_ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fd'bflos
lzIfs afx]ssf cGo lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL :jLs[tL ug'{kb{5 .
O{_ cfjlws z}lIfs sfo{qmd tof/ u/L nfu' ug'{kb{5 .
p_ ljBfnosf] ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ljz]if1 lgo'lQm
ug'{kb{5 .
P_ ljBfno ;~rfng ;DaGwdf dGqfno, ljefu lgb]{zgfno jf lhNnf
lzIff sfo{non] lbPsf] ;'emfj jf lgb]{zg kfngf ug'{kb{5 .
Conclusion:— z}lIfs sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog x'g] :yfg
/ If]qsf ;DalGwt kIfsf] lzIff of]ghf lgdf{0f tyf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f b]lv
sfof{Gjogsf] tx;Dd ;a}sf] ;xeflutf x'g'nfO{ lzIffdf :yfgLo ;xeflutf elgG5 .
:yfgLo :t/sf ;+3 ;+:yf cleefjs, lzIffk|]dL a'l4lhjL /fhgLlt1, ;dfh;]jL,
;flxTosnf If]qdf sfo{ug]{ JolSt ;+:yf tyf :yfgLo ;~rf/sf ljw'lto tyf 5fkf
dfWodx?, ;~rf/ ;+:yf h:tf :yfgLo JolSt tyf ;+:yfx?sf] lzIffdf ;+nUgtf /
;xeflutf x'g'nfO{ lzIffdf ;xeflutf elgG5 . o;df cleefjssf] ;ª\nUgtf Hofb}
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf /fd|f] ePsf] v08df :yfgLo
cfjZostf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ z}lIfs ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ cjgTjsf] dx;'; u/fpg,
dlxnf tyf afn lzIffnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{, lzIffsf nflu ;a}sf] kx'Fr / cj;/
;'lglZrt ug{, lzIffsf nflu 3/fo;L jftfj/0f lgdf{0f{ ug{, e]befjhGo Jojxf/ x6fpg
;fdflhs Pstf / efOrf/fsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg h:tf ljleGg sfo{sf nflu ;d'bfosf]
lzIffdf ;xeflutf clgjfo{ / ckl/xfo{ 5 . @))& ;fn k"j{ /f0ffx?nfO{ /
;dfhsf s]xL ;DkGg ju{nfO{ dfq lzIff kfpg] xs lyof] . lzIff k"0f{ ?kdf
s]lGb|t / /f0ffx?åf/f lgolGqt lyof] . @)!& b]lv @)$% ;fn ;Dd /fHosf] k|e'Tj
/ /fli6«o efjgf cg'?ksf] lzIff / z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf s]Gb|Los/0f ePsf] kfOG5 .
To;kl5 @)$^ ;fn b]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;donfO{ lzIffdf k|hftflGqs/0fsf] cjlw dflgG5 .
o; ;dodf k"0f{ ?kdf lzIffdf nufgL, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;+:yfut
ljBfnox? cToflws a[l4 ljZjJofkL k|fylds lzIffdf k|ltj4tf / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf
k"0f{ ?kdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ePsf] kfOG5 .lzIffdf ;xeflutfsf af/]df ljleGg gLlt
tyf sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf 5g\ . /fli6«o
lzIff of]hgf 2011 df ;fd'bflos s]Gb|sf] ?kdf kf7zfnf k|efjsf/L agfpg /
hg;Dks{sf] j[l4 u/L k|f}9 lzIff, ;fd'bflos k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf cflb sfo{af6
kf7zfnLo sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] /x]sf] 5 / lzIff If]qdf cfly{s >f]t
h'6fpg :yfgLo ;dLltnfO{ ;d]t z'Ns / s/ nufpg] cflb k|bfg ul/g' kg]{ eGg[ Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;jf{lu0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldtLsf] k|ltj]bg 2018 n] ;dfhsf
k|Tks ju{nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpgsf ;fy} ;dfh lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ / k|Tks
lhNnfdf 1/1 hgf ;dfh lzIff ;+u7g stf{ /fVg' kg]{ s'/fnfO{ cl3 NofPsf] 5 .
/fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg 2049 n] z}lIfs of]hgf hg;xeflutf clyj[l4 ug{,
k|Tos JolQmsf dfgjLo d'Nosf ;fy} /fli6«o tyf ;fdflhs dfGotf / cf:yfx?sf] ;Daw{g
u/L ;fdflhs ljsf;sf lgldt ;xof]u ug]{ s'/f cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L pRr:t/Lo
/fli6«o cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg 2055] z}lIfs hg;xeflutf cfly{s kIf / ;/sf/L nufgL
ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;dfh ;fk]If / /fli6«o cfjZostfnfO{ cfj4 ug]{
cfGtl/s / jfXo bIftf clej[4 u/L lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{ ;dfhk|lt pQ/bflo agfpg z}lIfs
Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ u/L To;nfO{ h9L k|ltlgwL k"0f{ / clwsf/ ;DkGg t'NofO{ a9L
:jfkqtf / z}lIfs k|zf;gnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ gLlt l;kmf/L; ul/Psf] lyof]
.g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg 2063 sf cg';f/ wf/f !& lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt
;DalGw xs cGtu{t pkwf/f -!_ df k|Tos ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cfˆgf]
dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 . pkwf/f -#_ df g]kfndf a;f]af;
ug]{ k|Tos ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Djofsf]
;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ xs x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lqjifL{o of]hgf -2067/068-2069/070_ sf cg';f/ :yfgLo
lgsfo Pjd\ ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfno, k|fljlws lzIffno, SofDk; / ljZjljBfno ;~rfngdf
lhDd]jf/L ;lxt ;xeflu u/fpg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/
clej[l4 ug{ :yfgLo txsf ljBfno, sfo{ ;~rfng lzIfs ;~hfn, k|wfgfWofks ;~hfn /
Joj:yfkg ;ldtL tof/ u/L ;Dem]bf/L sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/Psf] ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf tyf :yfgLo >f]t tyf ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{ s'/f klg /x]sf] 5
.ljBfno ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx? x'g\ . o:tf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf / ;d'bfosf aLrdf k|efjsf/L
;DaGw x'gkb{5 . ljBfno / ;d'bfo aLr lqmofsnfk ;DaGw ePdfh ljBfnox? ;Ifd x'g]5g\
. ljBfnosf] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk :t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBfno ;'—;~rfng ug{
cfjZos x'G5 . ljBfnodf oy]:6 ef}lts ;'ljwf pko'Qm v]nd}bfg k':tsfno h:tf
;'ljwfsf ;fy} pko'Qm z}lIfs jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePdfq lzIf0f l;sfO /fd|f] x'G5 .
t;y{ o:tf sfo{ ug{sf nflu ;d'bfosf] ljBfno x/]s ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;xeflutf
hgfpg h?/L x'G5 . If]qdf ;'wf/ ug'{
kg{] b]lvG5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnon] klg gfkmfd'vL eGbf ;]jf d'vL efjaf6 cufl8 a9\g'
kg{] x'G5 .
!@= lzIfssf]
k];fut ljsf; -Teacher Professional Development_
!= kl/roM— lzIf0f Ps k];f xf]
. of] k];fsf] afxs lzIfs xf] . lzIf0f k];f Pp6f z}lIfs ;~rf/ / k|ljlw xf], h'g
ljlzi6 af}b\lws cWoog / tflnddf cfwfl/t 5 . To;}n] lzIf0f k];f Ps k|fljlws sfo{
klg xf] . h'g;'s} k|fljlws sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] ljz]if l;k
/ bIftfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To:t} lzIf0fnfO{ k|fljlws ?k lbg klg lglZrt
ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / cg'ejn] dfq k'Ub}g . To;sf nflu lzIfsdf ljz]if k|sf/sf]
of]Uotf, Ifdtf / tflndsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}u/L k]zfut bIftfsf nflu lzIf0f
l;k / lzIfs k];fk|lt ;sf/fTds dgf]j[ltsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . s]xL ljb\jfgn]
l;sfOsf nflu k|]/0ff lbg', af6f] b]vfpg', lgb]{zg lbg' / xf};nf k|bfg ug'{
lzIf0f xf] eg]sf 5g\ . To;}n] lzIf0f Pp6f Jofj;flos k];f xf] , h;sf] p2]Zo
l;ko'St ;]jf k|bfg u/L l;sf?df :yfoL / Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g Nofpg' xf] . s'g} klg
k];fdf bIftf xfl;n u/]df dfq pSt k];fsf pb\b]Zox? ;xh} k|fKt x'g ;S5g\ . To:t}
lzIfssf] k];fut bIftf clej[b\lw x'g ;s]df dfq u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
clxn]sf] j}1flgs o'udf lbgfg'lbg gofF–gofF 1fgsf] lj:kmf]6 eO/x]sf 5g\ . x/]s s'/fdf
gofF–gofF cflj:sf/x? eO/x]sf 5g\ . Ps k6s cfh{g ePsf 1fg l;k :yfoL ?kn] ;w}
/lx/xg ;Sb}g . cfhsf] 1fg ef]ln k|of]u gx'g] cj:yf cfO/xsf] 5 . To;}n] x/]s
JolStn] cfˆgf] ljifo / k];fk|lt ljsl;t ePsf gjLgtd 1fg / l;ksf] af/]df hfgsf/L
/fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . lzIfs ljsf;df klg gofF–gofF 1fg l;k / tflndx?sf] ljsf;
eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . lzIfs ljsf;df dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] sf/s tTTj
eg]sf] lzIfssf] k];fut tflnd xf] . lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0f k];fdf cfjZos kg]{ 1fg, l;k
/ Ifdtfsf] clej[b\lw ug]{ dfWod g} k];fut tflnd xf] . o:tf] k];fut tflndn]
lzIfssf] lzIf0f Ifdtfsf] clej[b\lw ub{5 .o;/L ;du|df eGg' kbf{ k];fut
sfo{s'zntf clej[b\lw ug{ cfjZos 1fg, l;k tyf clej[b\lwsf] lg/Gt/ ljsf; ug]{ /
lglb{i6 nIo k"/f ug]{ u/L ;Ifd lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos
bIftf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ g} lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; xf] . Pp6f lzIfs Jofj;flos ?kdf
bIf x'g jf p;df k];fut bIftf x'g lzIf0f l;k , z}lIfs k|lqmofsf] 1fg, z}lIfs
;fdu|L / ljlwx?sf] 1fg, ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sg l;k, lzIf0f of]hgf lgdf{0f /
k|of]u ;DaGwL l;ksf ;fy} sIffsf]7fdf ;dflxt lzIf0f ug]{ / lzIf0f k];fk|lt
;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f x'g cfjZos x'G5 . k]];fut bIftf ;DaGwL yk s'/fx? a'Fbfut
?kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
v lzIfsnfO{ k];fut ljsf;÷bIftf k|fKt ug{ s] ug'{k5{ <
– ;jf]{Qd pknlAwsf
nflu ldlxg]t ug]{ ,
– lg/Gt/ l;Sg] hfGg] s'/f ul//xg],
– s'g} klg sfd ug'{ cl3 tof/L ug]{ ,
– /fd|f];Fu sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ ,
– /fd|f ;'emfp / k[i7kf]if0f u|x0f ug]{ .
v Pp6f k];fut bIf aGg rfxg] JolQmn] s;/L l;S5 <
– ;'emfp / k|ltlqmofx?nfO{ :jLsf/ u5{ .
– Jofj;flos jf k];fut ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu cfjb\w /xG5 .
– cfkm"nfO{ dbt ug]{ dfu{bz{s -u'?_ sf] klxrfg
u5{ .
– s'g} klg s'/fsf] /fd|f];Fu cjnf]sg u5{ .
– c?sf s'/f ;'G5 .
– ;w} k9\5 .
v k];fut bIftfsf nflu s;/L tof/ u5{ <
– cfkm"nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ -dg, dl:tis, tg _
– nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{
– glthfd"vL x'g]
– ;do Joj:yfkg ug]{
– jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ug]{
–
s8fldlxg]tug]{.
k];fut bIftf rfxg] JolQmn] s;/L
sfo{;Dkfbg u5{ <
– ;w} pT;flxt /xG5 .
– xfF;L v';L 9ª\un] s'/fsfgL u5{ .
– :ki6 ?kdf cfˆgf s'/f k|:t't ug]{ / c?af6 u|x0f ug]{
.
– l;sfOnfO{ k|d'v k|fyldstf lbG5 .
– gofF ljrf/ jf k|fljlws/0f k/LIf0f u5{ .
– nIox? k|fKt u5{ .
– lhDd]jf/L u|x0f u5{ / OdfGbf/ x'G5 .
Pp6f
k];fut bIf lzIfsn] sf]af6 ;'emfp lnG5 <
– cfkm" :jod\af6
–;fyLx?af6
– kl/jf/af6
– ljb\ofyL{x?af6
– ;'kl/j]Ifsaf6
@_ lzIfsnfO{ k];fut bIftfsf] cfjZostfM— ha;Dd lzIfsx?nfO{
bIf agfP/ lzIff÷k7gkf7g lqmofsnfk k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsGg ta;Dd u'0ffTds lzIff
k|bfg ug]{ sfd cw'/f] x'G5 . s'g} klg k];fdf bIftf xfFl;n ePdf dfq pb\b]Zo
k"lt{ x'g ;Sb5 . To:t} lzIfs k];fsf] bIftf clej[b\lw x'g ;s]df dfq
u'0ffTds lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
clxn]sf] j}1flgs o'udf lbgfg'lbg gofF – gofF 1fg k|ljlwsf] lj:kmf]6
eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] x/]s JolQmn] cfˆgf] ljifo / k];f;DjGwL 1fg / l;kdf gjLgtd\ hfgsf/L /fVg h?/L x'G5 . lzIfs k];f
cª\ufNg] JolQmx? ufpF–ufpFdf a;]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx? tL gjLgtd\ 1fg l;kaf6 jl~rt ePsf x'G5g\,. To:t} kf7\os|d, kf7\ok':tsx? klg kl/jt{g
eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] ca:yfdf gofF ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df 1fg , l;k cfh{g ug{
lzIfsnfO{ k]zfut bIftf ljsf;sf] cfjZos x'G5 . t;y{M k];fut bIftfsf nflu ljleGg
sfo{s|dx? ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos x'G5 lsgls lzIfs k];fdf cfpg] gjLgtd\ hfgsf/L lnO{
cfOkg]{ ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL lj?b\w n8\gsf nflu lzIfs tflnd / k|lzIfssf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / lzIfssf] z}Ifl0fs sfo{df bIftf
a9fpg ljz]if k|sf/sf sfo{s|dx? rnfpg cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L lzIfssf] sIff ;DaGwL
bIftf , ljb\ofno ;DaGwL bIftf, ljb\ofyL{ ;DaGwL bIftf / ;d'bfo ;DaGwL bIftf
agfpg lzIfsnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf tflnd cflbsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
#_ lzIfssf] k];fut
bIftf ljsf;sf ;d:ofx?M— s'g} klg k];fdf bIftf xfl;n ePdf dfq k];fut pb\b]Zo
k"lt{ x'g ;Sb5 . lzIfssf] k];fut bIftf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg k|of;x? ul/Psf
5g\ . t/ ltgsf] 7Ls tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog x'g g ;s]sfn] ljleGg ;d:ofx? b]vfkb{5g\ .
h'g k|d'v ;d:ofx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
·
lzIfssf nflu kof{Kt z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cefj x'g' .
·
;a} lzIfsnfO{ lg/Gt/ tflndsf] cefj x'g' .
·
lzIf0f k|lzIf0fsf] cefj x'g'sf ;fy} uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/
sfo{zfnf ;~rfng gx'g' .
·
lzIfsnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ g;lsg' .
·
:jfWoog ;fdu|Lsf] cefj x'g' . cflb .
$_ lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;
clej[b\lwsf nflu z}Ifl0fs ;'wf/sf pkfox?M— ;fdfGotof k];f eGg] zAbn] Ond,
Jofj;fo pb\of]u wGbf cflbnfO{ a'emfpF5 . dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjgofkg ug{ ckgfpg]
ljljw k];fdWo] lzIf0f klg Ps k|sf/sf] k];f xf] t/ of] k];f c? k];feGbf leGg
k|s[ltsf] ePsfn] c? k];fsf nflu eGbf o;df k];f ut bIftf cfjZostf kb{5 . lzIf0f
sfo{ cfkm}df k|fljlws k];f ePsfn] o;df k|fljlws l;ksf] cfjZostf kb{5 . lzIf0f
sfo{ c? sfo{eGbf km/s k|s[ltsf] k];f xf] . x'g t c? k];fsf nflu klg Ps lglZrt
k|sf/sf] k];fut l;k / bIftfsf] vfFrf] kSs} kb{5 t/ lzIf0f sfo{ eg]sf] lzIff
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ k|fl1s :j?ksf] k];f xf] . t;y{ ljz]if Ifdtf / l;ksf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . sltko JolStdf j+zfg'ut jf hGdhft ?kdf ljz]if Ifdtf x'G5 eg] sltko
JolStnfO{ yk cWoog, tflndsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . x'gt s'g} klg JolQm cfkm}df ;j{1
x'b}g . To;sf nflu JolQmn] lgoldt cWoog ug]{ / ljleGg k|sf/sf tflnd k|lzIf0f
lnP/ cfkm"nfO{ cwfjlw u/L /fVg' kb{5 . t;y{M lzIf0f k];fdf cfpg] gofF –
gofF hfgsf/L lnO{ ;d:of / r'gf}tL lj?b\w h'Wgsf nflu k];fut clej[b\lw cfjZos
x'G5 .
j}olQms k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg pkfox? x'g ;Sb5g\
h'g lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu JolQmut ?kdf lgDgfg';f/sf
j}olQms k];fut ljsf; u/L z}Ifl0fs ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 .
s_ z}lIfs
of]Uotfdf clej[b\lwM k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ;j{k|yd kof{Kt z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . Go'gtd\ of]Uotf gePsf lzIfsn] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{ ;Sb}g .
g]kfndf z}Ifl0fs ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] clej[b\lw ug{'kb{5 . lzIfs
lzIffsf nflu z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ ljlzli6s[t / k|fljlws ?kdf ;Ifd x'g ;Sg] vfnsf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .
v_ lzIfs tflndM afnaflnsfx?sf]
dgf]lj1fg a'em]/ k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{ ljifo j:t'sf] k|:t'lts/0fdf ljljwtf
Nofpg, ljb\ofyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u ug{ , z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f /
k|of]u ug{ k|efjsf/L / lg/Gt/ d'Nofª\sg ug{ / kf7\os|dnfO{ d'Vo s]Gb|ljGb'
agfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO ls|ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ lzIfsnfO{ clgjfo{ tflndsf] Joj:yf
ug'{kb{5 . h:t} M k"j{ ;]jfsflng tflnd, ;]jfsflng tflnd,k'gtf{huL tflnd, lzIfs
k|lzIf0f, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, sfo{zfnf h:tf tflnd lbg'kb{5 .
u_ k|efjsf/L
;~rf/M ;~rf/ eGgfn] ;femf ?kdf ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg eGg] a'lemG5 . Ps JolSt jf
;d"xdf ePsf] ljrf/, efjgf, 1fg / l;knfO{ csf]{ JolSt jf ;d"xdf
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ g} ;~rf/ elgG5 . ;~rf/sf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo ;~rf/ k|ls|ofdf
cfpg] dflg;x?sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu Ps JolSt jf ;d"xaf6 csf]{
JolSt jf ;d"xdf ljrf/ jf efjgf cfbfgk|bfg ug'{ xf] . o;/L lzIfs Ifdtf
clej[b\lw ug{ bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ sfod u/L lzIf0f l;sfO k|ls|ofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsG5
.
3_ cg'ejM ljleGg ls|of
k|ltls|ofaf6 k|fKt dfgl;s af]wnfO{ cg'ejsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . s'g} klg sfo{ ubf{
Ps g Ps k|sf/sf] cg'ej k|fKt x'G5 . To:t} lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{df ;ls|o x'Fbf
lzIf0f cg'ej k|fKt x'G5 . t;y{ lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{df klg cg'ej k|fKt / ck|fKt
JolStsf] kSs} km/s cfpF5 . cg'ej k|fKt JolStn] ljleGg vfnsf ;d:of em]Nb} h'Wb}
hfg'kg]{ ePsfn] pm;Fu l;sfO ;DaGwL ljljw k|sf/sf cg'ej k|fKt x'G5 . h:t} M s;/L
jflif{s sfo{of]hgf agfpg] / s:tf] b}lgs kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ , z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lgdf{0f / k|of]u s] s;/L ug]{, ljb\ofyLnfO{ s;/L ;ls|o agfpg] h:tf s'/fx?
cg'ejn] l;sfpF5 . t;y{ lzIfssf] k];fut
ljsf;sf nflu cg'ejn] w]/} e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
ª_
;Gbe{ tyf ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]uM kf7\os|db\jf/f lgwf{l/t pb\b]Zo k|flKtsf
nflu kf7\ok':ts dfq kof{Kt dflgb}g . t;y{ ;DalGwt ljifo j:t'sf af/]df kof{Kt
1fg l;k lbgsf nflu ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ug{' kb{5 . h:t} M sIff ( / !)
sf] ;fdflhs lzIff ljifosf] kf7\ok':tsdf s]an ljifo j:t'sf] ;ª\s]t dfq ul/Psf] 5
/ tL ljifo j:t'sf af/]df ;Gbe{ tyf ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . To:t} x/]s
ljifosf] kf7\ok':ts cfkm}df k"0f{tf x'Fb}g . t;y{ ;Gbe{ tyf ;|f]t
;fdu|Lsf] cWoog ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg dxTTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
r_ k|efjsf/L
;'k/Lj]If0fM z}lIfs pb\b]Zo k|flKtsf nflu sIffsf]7fdf ul/g] cWoog cWofkg
ls|ofsnfk / ef}lts sfo{s|ddf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs,
cfly{s Pjd\ dfgjLo ;fwgx?sf] oyfy{ cWoog u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'wf/ tyf ljsf;
ug{ lbOg] lgb]{zg, ;'emfp / To; ;DaGwL ls|ofsnfknfO{ z}lIfs ;'k/Lj]If0f elgG5 .
of] ;Dk"0f{ lzIf0f l;sfO k|ls|ofdf s]lGb|t /xG5 . ;'k/Lj]If0fn] b}lgs
lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{snfkdf x/]s lsl;dsf ;d:of, cK7\of/f , afwf Jofjwfg cflb
;dfwfgdf 7f]; ?kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ePsfn] lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; clej[b\lwdf
dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
5_ lzIfssf]
d"Nofª\sgM s'g} klg sfo{sf] n]vfhf]vf, 5fgljg, hfFra'em ug]{ sfo{nfO{
d"Nofª\sg elgG5 . lzIfsn] /fd|/L k7gkf7g u/] gu/]sf] , pko'St lzIf0f ljlw
/ lzIf0f ;fdu|L k|of]u u/] gu/]sf], ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;ls|o ?kdf ;xefuL u/fP
gu/fPsf] tyf ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sg u/] gu/]sf] cflbsf cfwf/df lzIfssf]
;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg ljb\ofyL{sf] ;kmntf / c;kmntfdf
cfwfl/t x'g] ePsfn] ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ g} lzIfs / d"Nofª\sgsf]
cfwf/ dfGg'kb{5 .
— k];fut ljsf;sf cGo pkfox?M lzIfssf] k];fut
clej[b\lwdf j}olSts k];fut ljsf;sf ;fy} cGo k];fut ljsf;sf tl/sf klg pkof]udf
Nofpg ;lsG5 . h;dWo] ;xof]uL k];fut ljsf; -cooperative professional development–CPD_ klg Ps pkfo xf]
. o;n] d"ntM lzIfs – k|= c=, ljb\ofyL{–lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{–;'k/Lj]Ifslarsf]
;DaGwnfO{ a9L dxTTj lbG5 . lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf] d"nsfo{df l;sfOsf]
;xhLs/0f /x]sf] x'G5 eg] l;sfOnfO{ ;xh, ;Dej / cGtls|{ofTds agfpg lzIfsnfO{
tTsflns ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] ?kdf k|=c=af6 / bL3{sflns ?kdf ;'k/Lj]Ifsaf6 ;xof]u k'Ub5
.jf:tjdf k];fut ljsf; eg]sf] Ps kIfLo geO{ ax'kIfLo x'G5 . o;df lzIff If]qdf
;Dab\w ;a}sf] ;xsfo{, ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;ls|o ;xeflutfaf6 lzIfssf] k];fut
clej[b\lw x'g'sf ;fy} lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efjsf/L Nofpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] k];fut
ljsf; eg]s} ;fd"lxs k|of; / ;ls|otfsf] pkh xf] . t;y{ ;fd"lxs ?kdf
k];fut bIftf ljsf; ug{sf nflu ;d"x ;Dd]ng, ;fd"lxs d]nf, ;fd"lxs
a}7s, ;fgf] ;d"x e]nf, cWoog ;d"x, ;]ldgf/, ljifo lzIfs 5nkmn cflb
ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf a}7s ;Dd]ngdf lzIfs, k|=c=, ljb\ofyL{, cleefjs, ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, / :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/L, lg/LIfs, ;|f]t JolSt, lh=lz=c=,
If]=lz=lg=, lzIff dGqfno / cGtu{tsf k|zf;lgs Pjd\ k|fljlws kbflwsf/L, :yfgLo
a'b\lwhLjL, lzIffljb\ dWo] cfjZostf cg';f/ s;}nfO{ klg ;xeflutf u/fO{ cg'ej
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . h;af6 lzIfssf JolStut ;d:of, sIffut ;d:of, lzIf0f
l;sfOut ;d:of / ;d'bfo;Fu ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf ;fy} cGo ljleGg If]q;Fu ;DaGwL ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ dxTTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .lzIfssf] k];fut bIftf clej[b\lw ug{
/fhgLlts x:tIf]k ul/g' x'Gg . To:t} pgLx?sf] dgf]an pRr kfg{ ;xL d"Nofª\sg
k|0ffnL nfu' ug]{, P]g lgodsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug]{, cg'ej / of]Uotf Ifdtfsf
cfwf/df a9'jf ug]{, tna eTtf kof{Kt lbg] , gofF–gofF tflndx? lbg] , pkNnf]
of]Uotf xfl;n ug{ k7fpg] , e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ ug]{, lzIf0f ;+:yfdf /fhgLlts
x:tIf]k g ug]{ h:tf ls|ofsnfk clt h?/L x'G5g\ .
%_
lzIf0f k];fnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg lzIfssf] e"ldsfM– lzIfs eg]sf]
afnaflnsfsf] efUo lgdf{tf, cleefjssf] e/f];f tyf cfzfsf] s]Gb|, /fli6«o
kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs / ;dfhsf] k|ltli7t JolSt xf] . To;}n] c;n, st{Jolgi7 / cfˆgf]
k];fk|lt k"0f{ ?kdf ;dlk{t lzIfs g} jf:tjdf lzIfs xf] . o:tf]
dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] lzIfsn] ;j{k|yd cfˆgf] st{Jo k"/f
u/]dfq lzIf0f k];f dof{lbt / ;Ddflgt x'G5 . To;sf nflu lzIfsn] lgDg e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{'kb{5 M
·
lzIff lgodfjnLsf plNnlvt cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug{'kg]{ .
·
cfˆgf] kbsf nflu tflsPsf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ x/bd nflu
/xg'k5{ .
·
cg'zfl;t, st{Jok/fo0f aGg'kb{5 . hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL
x'g'k5{ .
·
;w} ;sf/fTds dgf]j[lt /fVg'k5{ . lzIf0f k];fk|lt uf}/j ug{
;Sg'k5{ .
·
bnut /fhgLlts ljrf/n] k|]l/t geO{ Jofj;flos x'g ;Sg'k5{ .
·
cWoog cWofkg sfo{nfO{ g} d'Vo hLjgsf] nIo /fVg'k5{ .
·
g}ltsjfg\ / rl/qjfg\ eO{ cg's/0fLo x'g'kb{5 .
·
ljb\ofyL{nfO{ of]Uo gful/s agfpg] sfo{df nfUg'k5{ .
·
ljb\ofyL{, ;d'bfo / /fi6«sf] rfxgf / cfjZostf cg';f/
z}Ifl0fs ultljlw ;~rfng ug{'kb5{ .
·
lg/Gt/ cWoogzLn x'g' / cfˆgf] ljifodf k'0f{ / bIf x'g'kb5{
.
·
lzIf0f l;k, lzIf0f s'zntf jf k];fut bIftf k|fKt ug{'kb{5 .
·
kIfkft, df]nflxhfdf gnfuL lgikIf x'g'k5{ .
·
lg/Gt/ cBfjlws eO{ k"0f{tf k|fKt ug'{tkm{ s]lGb|t
x'g'k5{ .
^_ k];fut ljsf;sf
tl/sfx?÷cfwf/x?M g]kfnsf lzIfssf] k];fut bIftf clej[blwsf nflu ljleGg
cEof;x? ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{x? x'g] u/]sf 5g\ M
·
z}lIfs of]Uotf clej[b\lw ug]{,
·
lzIfs tflnd sfo{s|d
;~rfng ug]{,
·
ljleGg uf]i7L ;]ldgf/ ;~rfng ug]{ ,
·
a}7s 5nkmn / cGtls|{of ug]{ ,
·
;'k/Lj]If0fLo ;xof]u k||bfg ug]{ ,
·
k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ sfo{ ug]{ ,
·
ljleGg z}Ifl0fs ljlw / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{,
·
;Gbe{ tyf ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ug]{
·
sDKo'6/ nufotsf ljB'tLo ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ug]{ ,
·
cg'udg d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .
o;/L lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu
lzIfs–lzIf0f cfof]hgf -TEP_ k'/f eO;s]sf] 5
o;n] x/]s lzIfsnfO{ s'g} g s"g} k|sf/sf] tflnd k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . xfn
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu -TPD_ sfo{s|d ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
&_
lzIfs k];fut ljsf; -TPD_
sfo{s|d ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
&=!_ l6lk8L
sfo{s|d ljsf; k|lqmofM k|:t't l6lk8L sfo{s|d ljsf; ubf{ xfn;Dd g]kfnleq /
ljleGg cGo d'n'sx?df cEof;df /x]sf lzIfs ljsf; ;DaGwL cg'ej / cg';Gwfg
k|ltj]bgsf] ;3g cEof; ub}{ ljljw cEof;x? ;~rfngaf6 k|fKt cg'ejsf] ;b'kof]u
ul/Psf] 5 . o; cjwf/0ffsf] vfsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o k/fdz{ bftfx?;Fusf]
;xsfo{af6 tof/ u/L /fli6«o :t/df b'O{j6f sfo{zfnfx?af6 k|fKt k[i6kf]if0f /
dfu{bz{gsf cfwf/df To;sf] lg:t[tLs/0f tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . sfo{zfnfdf pkl:yt
ljZjljBfnodf k|fWofksx? gLlt lgdf{0f txsf kbflwsf/Lx? lzIfs o'lgog, ;|f]t
JolSt, lg/LIfs Pjd\ k|wfgfWofks nufotsf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 k|fKt ;'emfpx?
d"ntM o; b:tfj]hsf] dfu{lgb]{zs ;f]rsf ?kdf cjnDag ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;/L
tof/ u/]sf] d:of}bf sfo{s|dsf] vfsfsf cfwf/df cfwfe"t tx / dfWolds txsf
!%) hgf lzIfsx?sf nflu ;ftj6f lhNnf - emfkf, eStk'/, dsjfgk'/, s}nfnL, ?kGb]xL,
;'v]{t / 88]nw'/f _ sf z}lIfs tflnds]Gb| cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb| / ;|f]ts]Gb|x?dfkmt{
k/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L k|fKt cg'ej tyf ;'emfpx?sf] pkof]u u/L ;fljssf]
d:of}bfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ kl/dflh{t sfo{Gjog k'l:tsf lzIfs o'lgog ÷;ª\3÷;ª\u7g,
;|f]t JolSt , ;a} lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L ;a} k|d'vx?;Fu k/fdz{ u/L yk k[i7kf]if0f
/ xf};nf cfh{g ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L ljsf; ul/Psf] k|:t't sfo{s|d
l8hfOg ;lxtsf] l6lk8L sfo{Gjog k'l:tsf cf= j= @)^^÷)^& b]ze/ sfo{Gjog
ul/Psf] 5 .
&=@ l6lk8L sfo{s|dsf] cf}lrToM k|:t't l6lk8L
l8hfOgaf6 ;/sf/, lzIfs cleefjs , ljb\ofyL{ , ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
h:tf km/s km/s ?lr
;d"xsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf ljljwtfo'St cfjZostfnffO{ ;Gt'i6 t'Nofpg pkof]uL
x'g] ck]Iff ub}{ o;sf ax'cfoflds cf}lrTonfO{ b]xfocg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
s_
Jofj;flos hjfkmb]lxtfdf a9f]Q/LM o; l8hfOg cGtu{t lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{sf]
l;sfO pknAwL :t/ a9fpg dfkg ug'{ k/]sf] lzIf0f l;sfO ;d:ofb\jf/f lgb]{lzt
k];fut ljsf; tflnd kfpg] / To;sf] glthf lzIf0f l;sfO of]hgf -Teaching
Improvement Plan –TIP_ cGtu{t k|ltalGwt x'g]5 . o;af6 lzIfsx?df tfls{s ;DaGwo'St sfo{x? ug]{
afgL ljsf; x'g] ub{5 .
v_ l;sf?sf] ;jf]{Rrtf
;'lglZrtLs/0fM o;af6 l;sf?sf ?kdf ljb\ofyL{ / lzIfs b'a}sf] ?lr /
cfjZostfn] ;jf]{Rr :yfg kfpg] 5 . ;fy} lglZrt ;dofjlw - % jif{_ leq km/s ?lr /
cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug{ km/s km/s l;sfO ljlw cjnDjg ul/Psf] :jtGq df]8\o'nx?df
k|To]s lzIfssf] kx'Fr k|bfg ug]{ x'Fbf l;sfOdf lg/Gt/tf / nlrnf]kgf cjnDjg
ul/Psf] 5 .
u_ ljb\ofno / cu'jf÷ ;|f]t s]Gb|÷
z}= tf= s]= lar :jrflnt ;DaGw :yfkgfM k|To]s !) lbg] df]8\o'ndf kl5Nnf] % lbg
ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t k];fut ljsf; ljsf; ultljlw ;~rfng hf/L /xg] / To; dWo] @ lbg
z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{sf nflu k|To]s cu'jf÷;|f]t s]Gb| z}= tf= s]=af6 k|lzIfsx?
clgjfo{ ?kdf ;DalGwt lzIfsnfO{ ljb\ofnodf cf}krfl/s e|d0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf]
5 . o;/L ;|f]t JolSt / k|lzIfsaf6 k/fdz{ ;~rfng ubf{ lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{ ,
k|wfgfWofks ;a}sf] cfjZostf ;d]6\g' clgjfo{ ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ Whol school support ;+oGqsf ?kdf ;d]t cfTd;fy ul/Psf] 5 .
3_ nlIft ;d"x s]lGb|t
s'zntfo'St nufgL Joj:yfM o;df cfwf/e"t txsf nflu ;|f]t s]Gb|x? / dfWolds
txsf xsdf lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf cjl:yt cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|af6 g} k|:t't df]8\o'n ljsf;
ug]{ ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] ljlw cGtu{t
tflnd, ;fdu|L, 5kfO , 9'jfgL, lzIfs e|d0f vr{ h:tf vr{ gx'g] l8hfOgsf ?kdf
k|:t't sfo{s|dnfO{ ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
*_ lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; -TPD_ sf] ;}b\wflGts cfwf/M lzIfs ljsf;
k|of]hgsf nflu ljutsf ax'cfoflds k|of;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k xfn} lzIf0f k];fdf
sfo{/t ;a} lzIfsnfO{ k|fl1s / k];fut b'a} of]Uotf k|fKt t'NofO{ ;lsPsf] / o:t}
of]Uo Pjd\ lzIfs cg'dlt kq k|fKt JolSt dfq lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z kfpg ;Sg] Jo:yf
;'lglZrt ug]{ k|oTg ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] of]Uotf cfh{g u/]sf lzIfsx?nfO{
lg/Gt/ ?kdf k];fut bIftf gjLsf/0f ug{, lgoldt 9ª\un] lzIfs sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtf
;'wf/ ug{ tyf b}lgs cg'ejaf6 l;s]sf 1fgsf cfwf/df xd];f ;du| k];fut
pTs[i6tftkm{ 8f]¥ofpg] …/f]8DofkÚ :j?k lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{9fFrf ljsf;
ul/Psf] 5 .
of] d"ntM Adult learning l;b\wfGtaf6
lgb]{lzt x'g] ePsf]n] o;n] b]xfocg';f/sf ;}b\wflGts dfGotfx? cjnDag u/]sf] 5 M
s_ lzIfsx?nfO{ :jfot ?kdf cfˆgf] Joj;fosf nflu
cfkm}Fn] dfgs -Norms_ :yfkgf u/L
ltg}af6 cfkm" lgb]{lzt x'g :jtGq cg'ej k|fKt x'g] .
v_ c;n lzIfsx?n] df}h'bf cg'ejnfO{ uxg k/LIf0f ug]{
afgL / cfˆgf] ;fljssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;'wf/sf nflu xd];f k|of;/t /xg] h:tf refletive Jojxf/ clgjfo{
?kdf cjnDag u/]sf] x'g] .
u_ ;a} lzIfsx? cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ 1fg :jod\af6
/rgf ug]{ cleofg -conxtructivism_ cjnDag ug]{ /
cfˆgf ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ To:t} cEof; / cg'ejsf nflu tof/ ug{ tTk/ /xg] .
jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf
lzIfsx?sf] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg dfq a9fpg' eGbf ;sf/fTds k|j[lt -attitude_ ljsf; u/fO{
pgLx?sf] lg/Gt/ :jfWoog k|lt yk hfu?s, ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf nflu
hjfkmb]xL / ;du| ljb\ofnosf] ;d'Ggltsf nflu of]Uo t'Nofpg' cfhsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL
xf] . o;sf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu k|:t't df]8]nsf] k];fut ljsf; cleofg pkof]uL
x'g ;Sg]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .
(_ lzIfssf] k];fut
df]8\o'nsf] ;+/rgfM lzIfs Pjd\ ljb\ofnoaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf k7gkf7g ;DaGwL ljljw
;d:of Pjd\ yk k];fut ;xof]usf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf
kl/k"lt{ ug{ b]xfosf cGt/ ;DalGwt /
PsLs[t ltgcf]6f efux?sf] ;+of]hgaf6 k];fut ;+/rgf df]8\o'nsf] ;+/rgf tof/
ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ efu – ! M
tflnd– sfo{zfnf -Training workshop_
of] efu % lbg;Dd k|To]s l6lk8L xadf ;xefuL lzIfsx? /
ljz]if1÷k|lzIfs lar km]; 6' km]; df]8af6 ;~rfng x'g]5 .
v_
efu –@ M :jfWoog cEof; -self study exercise_
klxnf] efu ;~rfng eP kZrft of] efu ;fdfGotof @) b]lv
#) lbgleq # lbg sfo{ef/ a/fa/sf] s]|l86 kfpg] u/L k|To]s ;xefuL lzIfsn] cfˆg}
ljb\ofnodf tf]]lsPsf] sfo{x? ;Dkfbg u/L ;DkGg ug'{kb{5 .
u_ efu – # M
z}lIfs k/fdz{ -Instruction counselling_
of] efudf bf;|f] cjlw k'/f eP nut} k|To]s xasf
k|lzIfsb\jf/f b'O{ lbg;Dd ;xefuLx? sfo{/t ljb\ofnod} e|d0f u/L ltgLx?n] bf];|f]
efu cGtu{t ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] cj:yf÷k|ltj]bg d"Nofª\sg tyf Ph]G8fdf
cfwfl/t a}7s ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ / To;sf
cfwf/df l6lk8L df]8\o'n ;DkGg k|df0fkq hf/L ug'{kg]{ 5 .
!)_ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
lzIfs ljsf; -Teacher development in Nepalese context_
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
lj=;+= @))$ eGbf cufl8 lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf nlu s'g} k|of; ePsf] kfOb}g .
lj=;+=@))$ df lzIfsnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg, ;]jf k|j]z / ;]jfsfnLg
tflnd k|bfg ug]{ pb\b]Zon] lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] . o; s]Gb|n] sIff
!) pQL0f{ jf ;f] ;/xsf lzIfsnfO{ Ps jif]{ tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
lj=;+=@))& df b]zsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu} lj=;+= @)!@ df pSt tflnd s]Gb|
vf/]h eof] .
§ /fli6«o lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|M lj=;+= @)!! df
k|sflzt …g]kfn lzIffÚ gfds g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgn]
lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu …/fli6«o lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|Ú sf] :yfkgf eof] . o;
tflnd s]Gb|sf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo b]ze/df ;~rflnt k|fylds ljb\ofnosf lzIfsx?nfO{
tflnd lbg' lyof] . tflndsf] ;dofjlw ;'?df # dlxgfsf] lyof] . kl5 uP/ sIff *
pQL0f{ u/L lzIfs x'g]nfO{ ! jif]{ / sIff * pQL0f{ gu/L lzIfs aGg]x?nfO{ @ jif]{
tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . lj=;+= @)!@ df o; tflnd s]Gb|n] tflndsf] cjlw ;a} vfn]
k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ !) dlxgfsf] agfof] . o; tflndn] To;a]nfsf] k|f= lj= sf]
kf7\os|dsf] hfgsf/L lbg] / lzIfssf] k];fut bIftfsf] clej[b\lwsf] sfd u/]sf]
kfOG5 . tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] dfu k"lt{ ug{ lj=;+= @)!# df pkTosf aflx/
g]kfnuGh, w/fg / jL/uGhdf 3'DtL lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| vf]lnof] . To;kl5 b]zsf
ljleGg If]qx?df tflnd s]Gb| vf]nL ^@% eGbf a9L k|fylds lzIfsx?nfO{ b'O{ jif{df
tflnd k|fKt agfOof] .
§ lzIfs lzIf0f lzIffnoM g]kfndf lzIfssf]
ljsf;sf] nflu lj=;+= @)!# df k|lzIf0f dxfljb\ofno cyf{t\ sn]h ckm Ph's];gsf]
:yfkgf eof] .o;sf] Pp6f ljefusf] ?kdf lzIfs lzIf0f lzIffno -gd{n :s'n_ sf]
:yfkgf eof] . gd{n :s'nsf] k|d'v pb\b]Zo k|fylds ljb\ofnosf lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd
lbg' lyof] . gd{n :s'nn] ;'?df sIff * pQL0f{ u/L lzIfs k];fdf ;+nUg lzIfsx?nfO{
!) dlxg] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd lbg] ub{Yof] .
lj=;+= @)!& df o; gd{n :s'nn] sIff * eGbf sd z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf
JolStnfO{ @ jif]{ k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg tflnd k|bfg ug]{ of]hgf tof/ u¥of] .
§ 3'DtL gd{n :s'nM sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] gd{n :s'nn]
/fi6«JofkL ?kdf a9\bf] tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] dfunfO{ k'/f ug{ ;s]g . To;}sf/0f
;/sf/n] gd{n :s'nnfO{ 3'DtL PsfOsf] ?kdf kl/rfng u¥of] . lj=;+= @)!^df
sf7df8f}Fdf s]Gb|Lo gd{n :s'n sfod u/L b]zsf cGo ljleGg efux?df !^ j6f 3'DtL
gd{n :s'n k|fylds txdf cWofkg u/fpg] lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbg] pb\b]Zon] ;~rfng eP .
gd{n :s'ndf tflnd lbg] k|lzIfsx? b]zsf ljleGg efuaf6 5gf]6 ul/GYof] / o:tf]
:s'nsf] k|lzIfs aGgsf nflu sDtLdf aL=P8\= pQL0f{ x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf lyof] .
k|lzIfssf] 5gf]6 kl5 College
of Education n] k'gtf{hsL tflnd lbg] Joj:yf lyof] .
§ k|fylds ljb\ofno lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|M lj=;+= @)!* sf]
;jf{ËL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;'emfpdf gd{n :s'nnfO{ :yfoL ejgdf
;~rfng ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L % j6f 3'DtL gd{n :s'ndWo] ;a}nfO{
% j6f :yfoL k|fylds lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|sf] ?kdf lj=;+= @)@! df ?kfGt/0f ul/of] .
tL tflnd s]Gb|x? sf7df8f}F, kf]v/f, kfNkf, w/fg / lj/uGh u/L # j6f kxf8L If]qdf
/ @ j6f t/fO{ If]qdf /x]sf lyP . lj=;+=
@)@# df lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd lbO{ k];fut bIftf ljsf;sf nflu % j6} tflnd s]Gb|n]
k|fylds ljb\ofnodf cWofkg/t lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd lbg lj:tf/ sfo{s|d ;~rfng u/]sf
lyP .
§ P–n]en lzIfs tflnd sfo{s|dM lj=;+= @)@* df
/fli6«o lzIff kb\wltsf] of]hgf nfu' ePkl5 lzIffzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg cGtu{tsf
clwsf+z SofDk;x?df @ jif]{ k|df0fkq tx sfo{s|d nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] . To;a]nf
;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLsf] rng lyof] . k|df0f kq txdf $ ;]d]:6/ lyof] . pSt txsf] $
;]d]:6/ dWo] k|yd @ ;]d]:6/nfO{ P–n]en lzIfs tflnd egL gfds/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
P–n]en sfo{s|ddf k|df0fkq txsf] klxnf] jif{sf] kf7\os|d g} nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] .
o; lsl;dsf] P–n]en sfo{s|d k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg jf ;]jfsfnLg lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd
lbg] pb\b]Zon] ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; tflnd sfo{s|ddf egf{ x'gsf nflu
k|lzIffyL{sf] of]Uotf P;=Pn=;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf lyof] . of]
P–n]en tflnd sfo{s|d of]Uotf j[b\lw ug]{ jf l8u|L xfl;n ug]{ sfo{s|d lyPg .
§ aL–n]en lzIfs sfo{s|dM of] tflnd sfo{s|d
P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ gePsf t/ lzIf0f k];fdf nfu]sf lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu
tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . aL–n]en tflnd @ ;]d]:6/ jf !) dlxgfsf] lyof] . of]
tflndsf] sf];{ s'g} z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt ug]{ sf];{ lyPg . tt\sfnLg ;dodf
P;=Pn=;L= cg'QL0f{ tyf tflnd ck|fKt lzIfsx?sf] afx'Notf lyof] . o:tf lzIfsx?
lj=;+= @)#@ ;Ddsf] tYofª\s cg';f/ /fi6«JofkL ?kdf !$,@^) hgf lyP . o;/L w]/}
;ª\Vofdf /x]sf tflnd ck|fKt lzIfsx? / cG8/ P;=Pn=;L=lzIfsx?nfO{ lzIf0f
k];fk|ltsf] 1fg, l;k / bIftf k|bfg ug]{ pb\b]Zon] aL–n]en tflnd sfo{s|d ;~rfng
ul/Psf] lyof] . aL n]ensf] tflnd b'O{ k|sf/sf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ lbg] Joj:yf
lyof] . klxnf] P;=Pn=;L= cg'QL0f{ t/ lzIf0f k];fdf ;+nUg lzIfsx? / bf;|f] *
sIff pQL0f{ t/ st} klg lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z gkfPsf dlxnfx? lyP .
§ b'u{d If]q lzIfs tflnd sfo{s|dM g]kfnsf] s}of}F
ljs6 lhNnfx? h:t} M x'Dnf, h'Dnf, d'u', sflnsf]6 / 8f]Nkfdf lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd
lbg Hofb} sl7g lyof] . s0ff{nL c~rnsf k|fylds ljb\ofnosf lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd
lbgsf nflu b'u{d If]q lzIfs tflnd sfo{s|d ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+=
@)#)–)#! lt/ s0ff{nL c~rnsf ljb\ofnodf * sIff pQL0f{ lzIfsx? kfpg sl7g lyof]
.o; lsl;dsf] ;d:ofnfO{ dWo gh/ /fv]/ lzIffz:q ;+:yfgn] o'lg;]kmsf] cfly{s
;xof]un] ljz]if tflnd sfo{s|d tof/ kf¥of] . To; tflndnfO{ b'u{d If]q tflnd
sfo{s|d elgof] . of] tflnd @)#! b]lv ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
§ :ynut lzIfs tflnd sfo{s|dM IOE sf] ljleGg lsl;dsf] lzIfs tflnd
sfo{s|dx? dWo] :ynut lzIfs tflnd sfo{s|d
lj=;+= @)@( af6 ;~rfng eof] . 36Ldf $) hgf tflnd ck|fKt lzIfsx? / !
3G6feGbf a9L lx8\g gkg]{ 7fpFdf lzIff zf:q cWoog ;+:yfgn] :ynut tflnd s]Gb| c:yfoL ?kdf vf]Ng] Joj:yf u¥of] .o; lsl;dsf]
tflndsf] sfo{s|dnfO{ k|lzIffyL{ s]Gb|L jf ;d'bfo s]Gb|Lsf] ?kdf klg lnOG5 lsgls
o; sfo{s|d cg';f/ k|lzIffyL{ lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lng cGo 7fpFdf hfg' kg]{ lyPg .
ljb\ofnodf ;]jf/t lzIfsx?nfO{ @ ;]d]:6/sf\] tflnd pgLx?nfO{ cg's'n ;dodf k|bfg
ug]{ ul/GYof] . o; :ynut lzIfs tflnd sfo{s|dnfO{ gd{n :s'nsf] 3'DtL PsfO;Fu
t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 .
§ cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIfs tflnd sfo{s|d -!%) 3G6]
tflnd sfo{s|d_M g]kfndf k|fylds
txsf lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd lbg] sfo{ lj=;+=@)@* b]lv lj=;+= @)#* ;Dd tt\sfnLg
lzIffzf:q cWoog ;+:yfgn] ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)#* df tflnd ;~rfng ug]{
;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lzIff dGqfnon] lnPsf] lyof] . t/ tflnd ;DaGwL lzIff
dGqfnon] s'g} ljlzi6 gLlt / sfo{s|d tof/ kfg{ ;s]g . To;}sf] kl/0ffd :j?k tflnd
ck|fKt lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof k|ltjif{ a9\b} uof] . lj=;+= @)$@ kf}if ! ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 lj=;+= @)%&
;Dddf g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ Pl;ofnL
dfkb08 cg'?k agfpg] u/L of]hgf tof/ kfg{ 3f]ifgf eof] . hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t ^
j6f cfjZostfx? h:t}– vfgf -Food_ , af; -Home_ , nQfsk8f -Clothing_ , lzIff-Education_ , :jf:Yo-Health_ / ;'/Iff-Security_ k"/f ug{
;s] g]kfnL hgtfx?sf] hLjg:t/ j[blw x'g]
ljZjf; lnOPsf] lyof] . / lj=;+= @)$% b]lv lj=;+= @)%& ;Dd ;a} lzIfsnfO{
tflnd k|fKt agfpg rfxGYof] . lj=;+= @)$$ ;Dddf b]zdf !&,&!# j6f lzIfsx?
tflnd ck|fKt lyP . w]/} ;+Vofdf /x]sf tflnd ck|fKt lzIfsnfO{ nfdf] cjlwsf]
tflnd lbg ;Dej / Jofjxfl/s gx'g] x'Fbf !%) 3G6fsf] tflnd lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf]
lyof] . To;}n] o;nfO{ !%) 3G6] tflnd sfo{s|d klg elgof] . of] tflnd
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf cGtu{t ;~rfng ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ cfwf/e"t
k|fylds lzIfs tflnd eGg] ul/Psf] lyof] .
§ /]l8of] lzIff lzIfs tflnd kl/of]hgfM yfONofG8, s]Gof
nufotsf d'n'sdf lzIffsf] If]qdf /]l8ofnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ sfo{s|d ;kmn ePel5
lj=;+=@)@(df g]kfndf lzIffljb\x? klg /]l8of] lzIff sfo{s|dnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg
;ls|o b]lvP . lj=;+= @)#! df United States Agency for International Development–USAID sf] ;xof]udf
/]l8of] k|;f/0f / u|x0fsf] ;DaGwdf ;DefJotf cWoog k'/f eof] . To;}sf] kl/0fd
:j?k ;/sf/n] USAID ;Fu g]kfndf
/]l8of] lzIff sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{ cfly{s tyf
k|fljlws ;xof]usf] dfu cg';f/ lj=;+= @)#% df /l8of] lzIff lzIfs tflnd
kl/of]hgfsf] :yfkgf eof] . o; kl/of]hgfn] cfˆgf] :yfkgfkl5sf] b'O{ jif{;Dd
:6fkmsf] ljsf; , kf7\os|d tyf d"Nofª\sg k|ljlwx?sf] of]hgf cfjZos
;fdfgx?sf] k"lt{ ;Dab\w ljz]if1x?sf] nflu tflnd /]l8of] tyf :jfWoog
;fdu|Lsf] tof/ u¥of] / lj=;+= @)#& df z}lIfs sfo{s|d /]l8of] g]kfndf
k|;f/0f u¥of] . kl/of]hgfsf ?kdf hlGdPsf /]l8of] lzIff lzIfs sfo{s|d lzIfsx?sf]
sfo{s'zntf j[b\lw / ljljw z}lIfs sfo{s|dnfO{ la:tf/ ug]{ nIo /fvL g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t b"/ lzIff s]Gb|sf] ?kdf lj=;+= @)%) >fj0f ! ut]
;~rflnt eof] . lj=;+= @)^! af6 ;/sf/n] b"/ lzIff s]Gb|, dfWolds lzIff
s]Gb| / z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ PsLs[t u/L z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|
gfdfs/0f u/]sf] 5 .
§ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|M lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t hgzlStsf] k];fut bIftf
clej[b\lw u/L bIf hgzlSt tof/ ug{, lzIfs tflnd ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ug{ ;xof]u
ug{, lzIff If]q;Fu ;Dab\w cg';GwfgfTds ls|ofsnfksf] ;~rfng, ;dGjo / d'Nofª\sg
ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf lj=;+= @)%) >fj0f ! ut] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . b]zsf] z}lIfs hgzlStsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf clej[b\lw ug]{ jf
l;koSt agfpgsf nflu lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg' ljb\ofno lzIff
k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf xf] . z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t
lj=lg=, k|zf;s, ljifo ljz]if1 tyf k|lzIfsx?nfO{ / k|fylds lzIfs Pjd\
k|=c=;d]tnfO{ bIf agfO{ k|efjsf/L lzIf0f sfo{Gjog ug{ lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd k|bfg
ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . :t/o'St lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{sf ljb\odfg 7'nf] hgzlStnfO{
tflnd lbg', l;ko'St agfpg' , sfo{ bIftf j[b\lw ug'{ cfjZos 7fg]/ ;/sf/n] z}lIfs
hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] xf] . To;}n] o; s]Gb|sf] d'Vo sfd lzIfsx?,
k|wfgfWofksx?, ljb\ofno lg/LIfsx?, lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lx? / If]qLo :t/sf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;]jfsfnLg tflnd k|bfg ug{' xf] .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf lzIfssf] k];fut
ljsf;;Fu ;Dab\w ljleGg tflnd sfo{s|dsf cltl/St cGo kl/of]hgfx? h:t} u|fld0f
ljsf;sf nflu lzIff -;]tL_ kl/of]hgf, k|fylds lzIff ljsf; kl/of]hgf,
cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff ljsf; kl/of]hgf, lzIfs lzIff ljsf; kl/of]hgf,
;a}sf nflu lzIff h:tf sfo{s|dn] lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf
tflnd sfo{s|dx? ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 .
!!_ lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( df tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf
kl/R5]b – !#
!_ tflnd tyf
k|lzIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] M dGqfnon] lzIfs tyf dGqfnocGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lsf]
bIftf clej[b\lw ug{sf] nflu b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 M
s_ tflnd k|bfg
ug]{,
v_ k|lzIf0f lbg],
u_ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{s|d
;~rfng ug]{ .
!@_ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df lzIfs a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
kl/R5]b – % s
5_ a9'jf;DaGwL
Joj:yf
$_ pklgod -#_
adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t b/aGbLsf lgo'St ePsf]
b]xfosf of]Uotf k'u]sf] lzIfs a9'jfsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg]5 .
s_ a9'jf xg]
>]0fLeGbf Ps >]0fLd'lgsf] kbdf cljlR5Gg ?kdf ;ft jif{;Dd :yfoL ;]jf
u/]sf] ,
3_ ljut kfFr
jif{sf] cjlwdf s'g} lsl;dsf] ljefuLo ;hfo gkfPsf] .
&_ lzIfs 5gf}6
;ldltn] lzIfsnfO{ a9'jfsf] lgldQ l;kmfl/; ubf{ lghsf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
ug]{5 . To;/L sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ b]xfoadf]lhd a9Ldf ^) cª\s
lbOg]5 M
s_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sg afkt %) cª\s
v_ cGtjf{tf{afkt
!) cª\s
*_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sgafkt kl5Nnf] kfFr jif{sf nflu k|ljjif{ !) cª\s lbOg]5 .
(_ lzIfs 5gf}6
;ldltn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgafkt sDtLdf $% cª\s / cGtjf{tf{afkt sDtLdf ^
cª\s;lxt sDtLsf %! cª\s k|fKt ug]{ lzIfsnfO{ a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .
!#_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& df lzIfs
a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
kl/R5]b – $
!_ a9'jfsf lgldt
;DefJo pDd]bjf/ aGg ;Sg] M a9'jfsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g ;DalGwt >]0fLsf] txdf
kfFr z}lIfs ;qsf] gf]s/L cjlw k"/f u/]sf] :yfoL lzIfs x'g'kg]{5 .
t/ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf b]xfosf] cjlwe/ s'g} klg
lzIfs a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5}g M
s_ lgnDag ePsf]df
lgnDag ePsf] cjlwe/ ,
v_ a9'jf /f]Ssf
ul/Psf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/,
u_ tNnf] kbdf
36''jf u/]sf]df 36'jf ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{;Dd .
3_ tna j[b\lw
-u|]8_ /f]Ssf ePsf]df /fSsf ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{;Dd .
@_ a9'jfsf] nflu
kb lgwf{/0f / a9'jfsf] cfwf/ M
!_ k|fylds , lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txsf]
k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] l/St kbx?dWo] @% k|ltzt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff
/ &% k|ltzt sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/df a9'afåf/f k"lt{
ul/g]5 .
@_ cfof]un] lzIfsnfO{ a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/;
ubf{ lghsf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ug]{5 / lzIfssf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\sg
ubf{ b]xfoadf]lhd a9Ldf !)) cª\s lbOg]5 M
s_ gf]s/Lsf] Ho]i7tfafkt – #% cª\s
v_ z}lIfs of]Uotfafkt – @) cª\s
u_ tflndafkt – !) cª\s
#_ gf]s/L Ho]i7tf
M Ho]i7tfafkt cª\s k|bfg ubf{ ;DalGwt txdf :yfoL lgo'lSt eO{ cWoog u/]sf] eP
k|To]s jif{sf] @=% cª\ssf b/n] / c:yfoL
lgo'lSt eO{ cWofkg u/]sf] eP k|To]s jif{sf] !=@% cª\ssf b/n] a9Ldf #% cª\s
k|bfg ul/g]5 .
$_
z}lIfs of]Uotf M lzIfsnfO{ z}lIfs ofUotfafkt cª\s k|bfg ubf{ ;]jf k|j]zsf nflu
tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfafkt k|yd >]0fLsf] nflu !% cª\s, låtLo
>]0fLsf] nflu !# cª\s / t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu !! cª\s lbOg]5 .
!$_ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df tna eTtf ;DaGwL
Joj:yf
!_
tna eTtf M -s_ lzIfsn] cfˆgf] kbdf axfn u/]sf] ldltb]lv g]kfn ;/sf/n]
tf]s]adf]lhd tna / eTtf kfpg]5 .
v_ o; lgodfjnL
adf]lhd lgnDag ePsf]df afx]s :yfoL lzIfsn] Ps z}lIfs ;q k"/f u/]kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] Ps tna a[b\lw
kfpg]5 .
@_ ksfPsf] tna
eTtf kfpg] M -s_ lzIfsn] k|To]s dlxgf e'Stfg u/]kl5 tna / eTtf kfpg] eP ;f]
;d]t kfpg]5 .
v_ lzIfsn] ksfPsf]
tna eTtf lgh h'g;'s} Joxf]/faf6 ;]jfdf
g/x] klg kfpg]5 .
#_ a9'jf x'g]
lzIfssf] tnadfg;DaGwL Joj:yf M dflyNnf] tnadfgsf] s'g} >]0fLdf a9'jf kfpg]
lzIfsn] ;f] tnadfgsf] ;'? tna kfpg]5 .
t/ lghn] xfn kfO/x]sf] tna dflyNnf]
>]0fLsf] tnadfgsf] Go"gtd\ tna a/fa/ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ePdf dflyNnf]
tnadfgdf lghsf] tna tf]Sbf b]xfoadf]lhd u/L tf]lsg]5 .
s_ lghn] xfn
kfO/x]sf] tna dflyNnf] tnadfgsf] ;? tna a/fa/ ePdf ;f] tnadf Ps tna j[b\lw yk
ul/g]5 .
v_ ;flas
>]0fLdf kfO/x]sf] tna a9'jf ePsf] >]0fLsf] ;? tnaeGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf
dflyNnf] >]0fLsf] tna tf]Sbf xfn kfO/x]sf] tnadf gk'u;Ddsf] tna j[b\lw u/L
dflyNnf] >]0fLsf] Ps tna j[b\lw ;d]t lbOg]5 .
$_ r8kj{ vr{ kfpg]
M -!_ lzIfsn] cfˆgf] wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f cg';f/ dgfpg] rf8kj{sf nflu
cfkm"n] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] tna a/fa/sf] /sd k|To]s jif{ rf8kj{
vr{sf] ?kdf kfpg]5 .
@_ pklgod -!_
adf]lhdsf] /sd lzIfsn] Ps cfly{s jif{df Ps k6s cfˆgf] wd{, ;+:s[lt,
k/Dk/fcg';f/ dgfOg] d'Vo rf8kj{sf] cj;/df e'StfgL lng ;Sg]5 .
#_
lgj[lte/0f kfpg] u/L cjsfz k|fKt lzIfsnfO{ lghn] kfpg] Ps dlxgfsf] lgj[lte/0f
a/fa/sf] /sd rf8kj{ vr{sf] ?kdf lbOg]5 .
!%_ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df labf tyf sfh
;DaGwL Joj:yf
kl/R5]b
– !(
!_ lzIfsn] kfpg]
labf M lzIfsn] b]xfoadf]lhdsf labfx? kfpg]5 M
s_ e}k/L cfpg]
ljbf jif{el/df ^ lbg,
v_ kj{ ljbf
jif{el/df ^ lbg,
u_ la/fdL labf
jif{el/sf !@ lbg,
3_ ;'Ts]/L labf
;'Ts]/Lsf] cl3 jf kl5 u/L ^) lbg,
-3!_ k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf !% lbg,
ª_ lsl/of labf !%
lbg,
r_ c;fwf/0f labf
Ps k6sdf Ps jif{df ga9fO{ gf]s/L tdfd cjlwdf a9Ldf # jif{ ,
5_ cWoog labf
gf]s/Lsf] tdfd cjlwdf Ps} k6s jf k6s k6s u/L a9Ldf # jif{ .
h_ a]tnaL labf a9Ldf % aif{ .
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf d'b\bfx? M ;d:of – ;d:of
h]lnP/ d'2f aGb5 . d'2f Jofks ?kdf rlr{t x'G5 . Pshgf JolQmsf] nflu b]vfk¥of]
eg] Tof] ;d:ofdf ;Lldt x'G5 eg] w]/} JolQmsf nflu ;d:of alg /fi6«n] g}
;f]Rg'kg]{ ;d:of – ;d:of h]lnP/ d'2f aGb5 . d'2f Jofks ?kdf rlr{t x'G5 . Pshgf
JolQmsf] nflu h'g afWotf x'G5 Tof] ;d:of geO{ d'2fsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'G5 . To:t}
u/L x/]s If]qdf cfˆgf–cfˆgf ;d:ofx? d'2fdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g . To:t} u/L lzIff
If]qsf] klg cfˆgf] 5'§} ;d:of /x]sf] 5 h;n] x/]s If]qdf c;/ kfg]{ x'gfn] cfh
Tof] lzIff ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? ;d:of geO{ d'2fdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
·
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu tflnd g} lsg <
·
s] tflnddf k|fKt 1fg, l;k sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ug]{ jftfj/0f 5 <
·
s] tflndsf] k|of]u ug]{ / gug]{ lzIfs lar s'g} k|sf/sf] km/s Jojxf/ ul/Psf]
5 <
·
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/n] lbPsf tflndx? kof{Kt 5g\ t <
·
lzIfs tflndsf gLltx? :ki6 5g\ t <
·
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf] nflu s] slt k|efjsf/L cg'udg / ;'k/Lj]If0f ePsf] 5
<
·
s] /fd|f] sfdk|lt k'/:sf/ / g/fd|f]
-v/fa_ sfdk|lt b08 ug]{ kl/kf6L b]lvPsf]
5<
·
s] k|lzIfsx? lgk"0fF{ / Jofjxfl/s x'g ;s]sf 5g\ <
·
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ljb\ofnodf pko'St ;fwg ;|f]tx? pknAw 5g\ t
<
·
s] glthfdf cfwfl/t sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg kl/kf6L /x]sf] 5 <
·
k|lzIfsx? k];fk|lt pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL x'g' kg]{df /fhgLlts bnk|lt
hjfkmb]xL ePsf] b]lvb}g / <
·
s] lzIfs tflnd cfjZostf s]Gb|LeGbf sfo{s|ds]Gb|L /x]sf] b]lvb}g <
·
s] ljb\ofnosf] jf:tljstf / tflndlar ulx/f] b'/L b]lvb}g <
·
lzIfssf] tna sd ePsf] u'gf;f]n] lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] eGg]
wf/0ff ;xL xf] t <
13.TEACHER
EVALUATION
1. kl/roM /fi6«sf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cleGg c+usf ¿kdf
lzIfs /x]sf] x'G5 . lzIfs /fi6«lgdf{0fsf nflu bIf / of]Uo hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{df
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . ljZjdf b]lvPsf gjk|jt{g / lrGtgx¿nfO{
ljBfyL{ ;dIf k'¥ofpg] 1fgsf] ;+jfxssf ¿kdf lzIffnfO{ lnOG5 . /fi6«ljsf;sf] olt
lhDd]jf/ JolQm jf lgsfonfO{ p;sf] sfo{If]qdf cAan ;flat ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿åf/f
ljleGg sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf x'G5g\ . lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf lzIfsn] sltsf]
k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 To;sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ lzIfs d"NofÍg h¿/L
5 . To;}n] oxfF lzIfs d"NofÍgsf k|frLg / jt{dfg gLltx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ k|of;
u/]sf 5f}+ .
2.
Objectives of the review
!= lzIfs d"Nofª\sgsf] P]ltxfl;s
gLltsf] vf]hL ug{,
@= lzIfs d"Nofª\sgsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf]
j0f{g ug{,
3.
ConceptsM—lzIfs eGgfn] ;fdfGo cy{df lzIff lbg] jf ljBfnodf k9fpg] JolSt,
cWofks, u'?nfO{ a'emfpF5 . cyjf lzIff lbg] jf 1fg cfh{g u/fpg] JolStnfO{ lzIfs
elgG5 . lzIfsn] l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf k|d'v g]t[Tj k|bfg ub}{ ljBfyL{ ljifoj:t' /
jftfj/0f lar ;lqmo cGt/lqmof u/fpg] sfd lzIfsaf6 x'G5 . lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf
d'Vo u/L lzIfs, ljBfyL{ ;lqmo ?kdf lqmofzLn /xg'kb{5 . x'g t lzIf0f l;sfO
k|lqmofdf kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, z}lIfs ;fdu|L, lzIf0f k4lt cflbsf] klg
k|efjsf/L :yfg /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ;fwg dfq x'g\ . logsf] ;xL ?kdf k|of]u u/fpg]
dfWod eg]sf] lzIfs g} xf] . To;}n] lzIfs eg]sf] z}lIfs p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu
lzIf0f k|lqmofsf] s]Gb|Lo JolQm xf] . lzIfs afnaflnsfsf] efUo lgdf{tf,
cleefjssf] e/f];f tyf cfzfsf s]Gb|, /fli6«o kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs / ;dfhsf]
k|ltli7t JolSt xf] . To;}n] c;n, st{Jolgi7 / cfk\mgf] k]zfk|lt k"0f{ ?kdf
;dlk{t lzIfs g} jf:tljs lzIfs xf] . lzIfssf] xftdf b]zsf] lzIff lge{/ /xg]
x'Fbf b]zsf] lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{sf]nflu lzIfssf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5
. lzIfs eg]sf 1fgsf ;[li6stf{ x'g\ . lzIfssf] k|d'v p2]Zo g} l;sfOsf] ;+1fgfTds
;+/rgfdf jf ;+;f/nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' xf] . o;/L lzIfs eg]sf]
JolSt, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] w/f]x/ xf] . To;}n] lzIfsdf JolQmut u'0f, ;fdflhs u'0f
k]zfut u'0f ePdf dfq lzIfs st{Jolgi7 aGg ;lsG5 . lzIfssf] sfo{sf] lgoldt
n]vfhf]vf ug'{, cg'udg ug'{, lzIfssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{nfO{ g}
lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg elgG5 . lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg ljBfyL{nfO{ /fd|f]
k7gkf7g u/] gu/]sf] pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlw / z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/] gu/]sf],
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lqmo ?kdf pkl:ylt u/] gu/]sf] cflb ljleGg cfwf/af6 klg n]vfhf]vf ul/G5
. lzIfssf d"Nofª\sg ljBfyL{sf] ;kmntf / c;kmntfdf cfwfl/t x'g] ePsfn]
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ g} lzIfs d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/ dflgG5 . ljBfno,
ljBfyL{ / cleefjssf] ck]Iff, lgwf{l/t ljifoj:t' cflbn] ck]Iff u/]sf pknlAw jf
k|flKtnfO{ lzIfs d"NofÍgsf k|d'v cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . lgoldttf, nugzLntf,
sfo{ ;Gt'li6 l;h{gfTds h:tf kIfn] lzIfssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf 7"nf] k|efj
kf/]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{n] lgwf{l/t ljifoj:t'df k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAw jf k|flKtnfO{
d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo
g} lzIfssf] k]zfut bIftf j[l4 ug'{ xf] . lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sgsf] csf]{ cfwf/
lnlvt, df}lvs jf cGtjf{tf{ klg xf] . lnlvt cfwf/df sg'} klg tf]lsPsf] 3]/fleq
/x]/ d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 eg] cGtjf{tf{df cfof]usf ;DalGwt If]qsf ljz]if1 ;lxt
ltg hgf ;b:osf] cfwf/df lnOG5 . lzIfssf] lnlvt k/LIffsf] cfwf/df u|]8 5'6\ofOG5
. o;/L klg lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
j[xt g]kfnL
zAbsf]z cg';f/ lzIfs eGgfn] lzIff lbg] jf ljBfnodf k9fpg] JolQm cWofks÷u'?nfO{
lzIfs elgPsf] 5 .
lzIfs
d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ljljw ljåfgx?n] km/s–km/s wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
– zfoG; (Ryans, 1969) sf cg';f/– lzIfs
Jojxf/ eGgfn] JolQmsf o:tf Jojxf/ eGg] a'lemG5 h;n] cleJolQmnfO{ l;Sgsf nflu
lgb{lzt ub{5 .
– Eofs
g/h]G;L / sfg{/ MC–Nergency and
Corner 1981 sf cg';f/– lzIfs Jojxf/ eg]sf] lzIfs ljz]iftfsf] sfo{ p;sf] jftfj/0f /
lzIfsx? cg'aGwg ePsf sfo{x?sf] ;+o'Qm ?kdf xf] .
lzIfs
d"Nofª\sgsf ljz]iftfx? lgDg cg'';f/ 5g\ M
—
lzIfsnfO{ z}Ifl0fs p2]Zo / lzIf0f ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L k|bfg
ub{5,
—
lzIfsx?df cfTd uf}/j a9fpF5,
—
lzIfsx?sf] Jofj;flostf j[l4 ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5,
—
lzIf0f / sIff ;~rfngsf k|rngx?df kl/jt{g NofpF5,
—
ljBfnok|lt hgljZjf; j[l4 ub{5,
—
lg/LIfs / lzIfs aLr ;~rf/ sfod ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5,
—
kbf]Gglt, a9'jf cflbsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5,
—
j[lQ ljsf; sfo{df ljsf;sf cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5,
—
lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{nfO{ /f]rs k|efjsf/L agfpF5,
—
lgbfgfTds Pjd\ lg0f{ofTds sfo{ ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5, -clwsf/L,
@)^*_
3.3 Types: lzIfssf]
d"Nofª\sg @ k|sf/n] ul/G5 . h'g lgDg 5g\ M
!=cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgM lzIfs d"Nofª\sgsf k|sf/ dWo]sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|sf/ xf] cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sg . o;df lzIfssf z}lIfs of]Uotf, ljBfyL{sf] pknlAw, lzIfs
tflnd, sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg cflbnfO{ ;d]6L d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . lzIfssf]
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg ljz]iftM ljBfnosf k|=c=, ;|f]t JolQm, ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldlt, ljBfno lg/LIfs, lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt cflbåf/f ul/g] 5 .
@=afXo
d"Nofª\sgM lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg afXo d"Nofª\sgdf ljBfno tyf
;d'bfon] ug]{ d"Nofª\sg xf] . o;df lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] pQ/bfloTj s;/L lgjf{x
ub{5, lzIf0f tof/L tyf of]hgf s;/L ub{5, sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt
ub{5, lzIf0f sfo{ s;/L ub{5 cflb h:tf kIfsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5, To;sf ;fy}
afXo d"Nofª\sgsf qmddf sIffsf]7f cjnf]sg, JolQmut cGtjf{tf{, lzIfs
cfk"mn] ug]{ cfTdd"Nofª\sg, lzIfs, sfo{;~rlosf ;DalGwt ljifodf
ljBfyL{x?n] k|fKt u/]sf pknlAwx?sf] n]vfhf]vf cflbnfO{ lzIfssf] afXo
d"Nofª\sgsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
4.1;}4flGts gLltx?:
k|frLg
sfndf lzIfsnfO{ u'?sf] gfdaf6 lgs} ;Ddfg ul/GYof] . u'?nfO{ ;+;f/sf] ;[li6stf{
a|Xdf, kfngstf{ lji0f', ;+xf/stf{ lzj / ;fIft\ k/a|xdf k/dfTdf;Fu t'ngf
ul/GYof] . u'?nfO{ ;j{1, ;To1, ;+;f/df ePel/sf 1fgn] k"0f{ ePsf] dflgGYof]
. cfd hgtfn] u'?nfO{ k/dfTdfsf] cjtf/ dfGby] .P]ltxfl;s ?kdf lzIfssf] vf;}
d"Nofª\sg ul/b}gYof] . lzIfsnfO{ a9'jf, 36'jfsf] rng lyPg . lzIfs
d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwL ljleGg of]hgf cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx?n] lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v
u/]sf 5g\ .
·
/fli6«o lzIff
of]hgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)!! klxnf] efusf] kl/R5]b $ cg';f/
oxfF
lzIfs aGg rfxg]sf] of]Uotfdf ckh; nufpg] / Joj;flos txdf lzIf0f sfo{sf] :t/
j[l4 ug]{ cg'T;flxt kfg]{ ul/GYof] . To;}n] cGo c? /f]huf/ gkfP dfq lzIf0fsf]
sfd cFuflng] x'GYof] h;n] ubf{ lzIfssf] l:ylt slt klg cfsif{s lyPg .
efu
b'O{ kl/R5]b !@
lzIfs d"Nofª\sg ug{ tflnd cfjZostf
kb{Yof] t/ tflnd lbg k|fWofksx?sf] sdL lyof] . oxfF æof]Uo lzIfs hGdG5g\, t/
agfOb}gg\Æ eGg] syg cufl8 ;f/] . Tolta]nf tflnd k|fKt lzIfsx? pTkfbgdf sl7gfO
lyof] .
·
/fli6«o lzIff
k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@*–@)#@ gDa/ !) …lzIfsx?sf] ;]jfdf ;'wf/Ú
oxL of]hgf cfof]uaf6 lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg
;'? ePsf] xf] . lzIfs kbf]Gglt ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx?sf
cfwf/df ul/g] s'/f pNn]v 5 M–
1.
z}lIfs of]Uotf
2.
gf]s/L jif{ cyjf cg'ej
3.
pNn]vgLo sfd u/]jfkt kfPsf] tSdf jf sb/kq
4.
:jf:Yo
5.
b'u{d If]qdf sfd u/]sf] cg'ej
6.
ljefuLo k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/;
7.
;]jfsflng tflnd
8.
cg';Gwfg sfo{
·
zfxL pRr lzIff
cfof]u @)$) sf] k|ltj]bg cª\s $ lzIfssf] u'0f / :t/sf] gDa/ * df lzIfssf]
d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwL lgDg s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M–
-s_ xfnsf] lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg
kl/jt{g u/L a9L j:t'k/s agfpg]
-v_ b08 / k'/:sf/sf cfwf/df :ki6 kfg]{
·
/fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$( lzIfs d"Nofª\sg
;DaGwL vf;} pNn]v u/]sf] kfOb}g . lzIfs tflndsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . ;]jfsflng tflnd
/ k"j{ ;]jfsflng tflnd egL 5'6\ofPsf] kfOG5 . bIf lzIfs lgdf{0f ug{ of]
cfof]un] k|]l/t u/]sf] 5 .
·
ljBfno lzIffsf] k|:tfljt sfo{gLlt / sfo{of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff
kq -@)%*_ n] k|wfgfWofks 5gf]6sf cfwf/x? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
1.
of]Uotf #) cÍ
2.
lzIf0f cg'ej #) cÍ
3.
tflnd @) cÍ
4.
g]t[Tj lng] Ifdtf !) cÍ
5.
;d'bfo ;DaGw Ifdtf !) cÍ
hDdf !)) cÍsf
cfwf/df k|wfgfWofks 5gf]6 ul/g] Joj:yf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
4.2
Current policy provision: xfn lzIfs a9'jfsf] nflu lzIfs d"NofÍgnfO{ lzIfs
;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)%& -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg @)^&_ sf] kl/R5]b $ df a9'jf;DaGwL Joj:yf @& df lgDg s'/f
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 M–
a9'jf;DaGwL
Joj:yf
a9'jfsf]
lgldQ ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ aGg ;Sg]M a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bfjf/ x'g ;DalGwt
>]0fL:sf] txdf kfFr z}lIfs ;qsf] gf]s/ cjlw k"/f u/]sf] :yfoL lzIfs
x'g'kg]{5 .
t/ b]xfosf cj:yfdf
b]xfosf] cjlwe/ s'g} klg lzIfs a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5}gM
s= lgnDag ePsf]df lgnDag ePsf] cjlwe/,
v= a9'jfsf] /f]Ssf ul/Psf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/,
u= tNnf] kbdf 36'jf u/]sf]df 36'jf ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{;Dd,
3= tna a[l4 -u|]8_ /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{;Dd .
a9'jfsf]
nflu kb lgwf{/0f / a9'jfsf] cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M–
!= k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txsf] k|yd låtLo
>]0fLsf] l/Qm kbx? dWo] @% k|ltzt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff / &% k|ltzt
sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df a9'jfsf] k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
@= cfof]un] lzIfsnfO{ a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{
lghsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ug]{5 / lzIfssf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg ubf{
b]xfoadf]lhd a9Ldf !)) cÍ lbOg]5 M
s= gf]s/Lsf] h]i7tfafkt –#%
v= z}lIfs of]Uotfafkt –@)
u= tflnd afkt –!)
3= sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd ljefhg
ul/g]5
!= cWofkg u/]sf]
;DalGwt ljifodf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAw afkt –!%
@= lzIf0f sfo{;Fu
;DalGwt ljifodf cg';Gwfg u/]afkt –%
#= ljz]if
lhDd]jf/L afkt –%
$= sfo{;Dkfbgsf]
cfwf/df ;'kl/j]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] u/]sf] d"NofÍgafkt –!)
lzIfs
d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/df gf]s/Lsf] h]i7tf ;DaGwL lgDg Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M–
!= Ho]i7tfafkt c+s k|bfg ubf{ ;DalGWt txdf :yfoL
lgo'lQm eO{ cWofkg u/]sf] eP k|To]s jif{sf] @=% c+ssf b/n] /
c:yfoL
lgo'lQm eO{ cWofkg u/]sf] eP k|To]s jif{sf] !=@% c+ssf b/n] a9Ldf #% c+s k|bfg
ul/g]5 . t/,
!= dlxnf, blnt / ckfË eP Ps jif{ cg'ej yk u/L #% c+sdf
ga9\g] u/L ;f]xL cg'kftdf c+s k|bfg ul/g]5 .
@= Ps z}lIfs ;q eGbf sd cjlwsf] rfgr'g dlxgf jf lbgsf]
nflu ;dfg'kflts lx;fjn] c+s lbOg]5 .
#= uon ePsf] jf
c;fwf/0f ljbf jf a]tnjL ljbfdf a;]sf] cjlwsf] c+s lbOg] 5}g .
@= sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df a9'jf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu :yfoL ;]jf aLrdf 6'6]sf] eP ;f] cjlw s§f u/L afFsL
sfd u/]sf]
cjlw ;d]t u0fgf ul/g]5 . t/ tna gkfpg] u/L ljBfnodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] cjlwnfO{
sfd u/]sf] cjlw dflgg] 5}g .
z}lIfs
of]Uotfsf cfwf/df lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg lgDg cg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 M–
!= lzIfsnfO{ z}lIfs of]Uotfafkt c+s k|bfg ubf{ ;]jf
k|j]zsf nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf afkt k|yd >]0fLsf] nflu !%
c+s, låtLo >]0fLsf] nflu !# c+s / t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu !! c+s lbOg]5 .
@= Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf eGbf dflysf] z}lIfs
pkflw xfFl;n u/]sf] eP Ps z}lIfs pkflw;Ddsf] nflu k|yd >]0fLsf] nflu % c+s,
låtLo >]0fLsf] nflu $ c+s / t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu c+s lbOg]5 .
#= s'g} lzIfsn] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]UotfeGbf
dflyNnf] PseGbf a9L pkflw xfFl;n u/]sf] ePdf lzIfsn] /f]h]sf] s'g} Ps pkflwsf]
dfq c+s lbOg]5 .
$= >]0fL gv'n]]sf] z}lIfs
of]Uotfafkt låtLo >]0fLsf] c+s lbOg]5 .
tflndsf cfwf/df klg
lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg ul/g] Joj:yf 5, h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M–
!= ;DalGwt tx jf ;f]eGbf dflynf] :t/sf] lzIff
lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt bz dlxnf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlwsf]
dfGotfk|fKt tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] jf k|fylds lzIfssf]
xsdf $)) k"0ff{Ísf] lzIff ljifo lnO{ k|j]lzsf k/LIff pQL0f{
u/]sf]df tflndafkt k|yd >]0fLsf] !) c+s, låtLo
>]0fLsf] eP * c+s / t[tLo >]0fLsf] eP ^ c+s lbOg]5 .
@= >]0fL gv'n]sf] tflndafkt låtLo >]0fLsf] c+s
lbOg]5 .
#= lzIff ljifo lnO{ k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x,
:gfts tx jf :gftsf]Q/ tx pQL0f{ u/]sf] ;DalGwt txsf]
lzIfsnfO{
tflndafkt !) c+s ggf3\g] u/L Go"gtd of]Uotf / tflnd afktsf] b'j} c+s
lbOg]5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg
lzIfssf]
sfd ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{ cg';"rL–! adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg
kmf/fd k|of]u ul/g]5 .
s= cWofkg
u/]sf] ;DalGwt ljifod f ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAw
!= cWofkg u/]sf] ;DalGwt ljifodf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAw afkt !%
c+sdf ga9\g] u/L k|lt jif{ a9Ldf tLg c+ssf b/n] b]xfosf cfwf/df kl5Nnf] kfFr
jif{sf] c+s u0fgf ul/g]5 .
v= lzIf0f sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf
cg';Gwfg
!= lzIfsnfO{ lghn] cWofkg u/]sf] ljifodf lzIf0f ;'wf/sf] nflu cg';GWffg
u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]afkt k|To]s aif{ ! c+ssf b/n] a9Ldf % c+s lbOg]5 .
@= pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg lzIfssf] xsdf k|wfgfWofks tyf ljBfno
lg/LIfsn] / k|wfgfWofkssf] xsdf ;DalGwt ;|f]t JolQm tyf ljBfno lg/LIfsn]
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{5 .
u= ljz]if lhDd]jf/L
!= ljBfnosf] k|wfgfWofks, ;xfos k|wfgfWofks, cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;+of]hs
h:tf ljz]if lhDd]jf/L lnPsf lzIfsnfO{ k|To]s jif{ ! sf b/n] a9Ldf % c+s lbOg]5
.
@= ljz]if lhDd]jf/L afktsf] c+s lbFbf k'/} jif{ sfd gu/]sf] lzIfssf]
xsdf sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] ;dfg'kflts lx;fan] c+s lbOg]5 .
3= sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df
;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] u/]sf] d'NofÍg
!= lzIfsn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg afkt b]xfosf]
c+s lbOg]5 .
s=
;'k/Lj]Ifsn] lbg ;Sg] clwstd c+s *,
v=
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbg;Sg] clwstd c+s @ .
@= lzIfssf] ;'k/Lj]Ifs k|wfgfWofks / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltdf ;DalGwt ljBfno
lg/LIfs, k|wfgfWofks / ;|f]t JolQm /xg]5g\ . t/, k|wfgfWofks / lzIfs ;dfg tx jf
>]0fLsf] ePdf jf s'g} lzIfs k|wfgfWofks eGbf dflyNnf] >]0fLsf] ePdf
To:tf] lzIfssf] ;'k/Lj]Ifs k|fylds / lgDg dfWolds lzIfssf] xsdf ;|f]t JolQm /
dfWolds lzIfssf] xsdf ;DalGwt ljBfno lgl/Ifs x'g]5 .
#= lgDg dfWolds / dfWolds ljBfnosf]
k|wfgfWofkssf] ;'k/Lj]Ifs ;DalGwt ljBfno lgl/Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltdf lhNnf
lzIff clwsf/L, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;DalGwt ljBfno lgl/Ifs
tyf k|fylds ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofkssf] xsdf
;DalGwt ;|f]t JolQm ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjfnf]sg ;ldltdf ;DalGwt ljBfno
lgl/Ifs, ljBfnosf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;DalGwt ;|f]t JolQm x'g]5g\
.
$= s'g} sf/0fn] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] kb l/Qm ePdf cWoIfsf]
sfd ug]{ JolQmn] ;f]xL Joxf]/f hgfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] ;b:o eO{ sfd ug'{
kg]{5 .
%= sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ c+s u0fgf ubf{ of]
pklgod k|f/De ePkl5 x'g] klxnf] lj1fkgdf kl5Nnf] Ps jif{sf] sfo{;Dkfbg
d"NofÍg kmf/fdsf] c+s lx;fa ul/g]5 / To;kl5 bf]>f] jif{df x'g] lj1fkgdf
b'O{ jif{sf], t]>f] / rf}yf] jif{df qmdzM tLg / rf/ jif{sf] cf};t c+s u0fgf
ul/g]5 .
^= sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/dsf] v08 -3_ uf]Ko ?kdf eg'{ kg]{5 .
&= ;DalGwt lzIfsn] z}lIfs ;q z'? ePsf] ldltn] tLg lbgleq sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"NofÍg kmf/ddf cfkm"n] eg'{ kg]{ ljj/0f e/L ;DalGwt ljBfnodf btf{
u/L k|wfgfWofksnfO{ a'emfpg]kg]{5 .
*= pklgod -&_ adf]ldh k|fKt
sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd k|fKt ePdf k|wfgfWofks cfkm} ;'k/Lj]Ifs eP k|Gw|
lbgleq d"NofÍg u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"NofÍgsf nflu lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 . k|wfgfWofks cfkm" ;'k/Lj]Ifs gePdf To:tf] kmf/fd
;ft lbgleq ;'k/Lj]Ifs ;dIf k7fpg'kg]{5 .
(= k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] cfkm"
;dIf k|fKt ePsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd z}lIfs ;q z'? ePsf] ldltn]
gAa] lbgleq d"NofÍg u/L ;Sg' kg]{5 .
!)= lgwf{l/t cjlwleq sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"NofÍg e/L k]z gug]{ lzIfs ;dodf d"NofÍg gug]{ ;'k/Lj]Ifs tyf
k'g/fjfnf]sg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx? pk/ clVtof/jfnfn] ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{5 .
t/
sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:yltsf] sf/0f lgwf{l/t cjlwleq sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd
k]z ug{ jf d"NofÍg ug{ g;lsPdf ;f]sf] :ki6 lnlvt sf/0f v'nfO{ lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/Ln] o; lgodsf] clwgdf /xL z}lIfs ;q z'? ePsf] 5 dlxgfleq To:tf] sfo{
;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k]z ug{ jf d"NofÍg ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
!!= Ps z}lIfs ;qeGbf nfdf] cjlw
ljbf jf sfhdf a:g] lzIfssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg lgh ljBfnodf sfo{/t
/xFbfsf] kl5Nnf] z}lIfs ;qdf kfPsf] c+s a/fa/ x'g] u/L u0fgf ul/g]5 .
!@= k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltaf6
sfo{;Dkfbg d"NOfÍg eO{;s]kl5 ;DalGwt lzIfsn] lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] sfo{
;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] afktsf] c+s x]g{ lgj]bg lbPdf lhNnf lzIf clwsf/Ln]
lghnfO{ To:tf] c+saf/] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{5 .
t/
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbPsf] c+s hfgsf/L lbOg] 5}g .
!#= pklgod -!@_ adf]ldh hfgsf/L
lnPkl5 s'g} lzIfsnfO{ ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] u/]sf] d"NofÍg lrQ ga'em]df ;f]sf] 7f];
cfwf/ / sf/0f;lxt ;ft lbgleq lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L ;dIf ph"/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!$= pklgod -!#_ adf]ldh ph'/L
k|fKt ePdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] ;f] ph"/L pk/ ;DalGwt ;'k/Lj]Ifs /
k'g/fjfns]g ;ldltsf ;b:o;Fu k/fdz{ u/L cfjZos 5fgljg ug]{5 / To;/L 5fgljg ubf{
lghsf] ph'/L dgfl;j b]lvPdf Ps dlxgfleq To:tf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg
kmf/fddf k|fKt c+s ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjfnf]sg ;ldltsf ;b:o;Fu k/fdz{ u/L ;+zf]wg
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!%= pklgod -!$_ adf]lhd ;+zf]wg
u/]sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk ;f]xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd;Fu gTyL u/L
/fVg'kg]{5 .
a9'jf
gfdfjnL k|sfzg lzIfs d"Nofª\sgdf a9'jf gfdfjnLsf] k|sfzg lgDgfg';f/ ul/g]
Joj:yf 5 M–
cfof]un] a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/;
ePsf lzIfsx?sf] gfdfjnL ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ug'{kg]{5 . ;f] gfdfjnLdf ;a}eGbf
Go'gtd c+s k|fKt ug]{ lzIfsn] k|fKt u/]sf] c+s;d]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 . To;/L
a9'jf l;kmfl/;sf] gfdfjnL k|sfzg ePkl5 ;DalGwt s'g} pDd]bjf/n] cfkm"n]
k|fKt u/]sf] c+s x]g]{ OR5f u/]df sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg afx]s cGo cfwf/x?
afkt lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] c+s lghnfO{ x]g{ lbg'kg]{5 .
a9'jf
l;kmfl/;pk/sf] ph'/L / k'g/fjnf]sg Joj:yf M
!= lgod ## adf]ldh l;kmfl/; ePsf] a9'jf gfdfjnLsf] ;"lrdf gfd
;dfj]z gx'g] lzIfsn] ;f] a9'jf lg0f{opk/ ph/L lbg rfx]df a9'jf gfdfjnL k|sfzg
ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq cfof]u;dIf :ki6 cfwf/ / k|df0fx? pNn]v u/L ph'/L lbg
;Sg]5 .
@= pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] ph'L pk/ cfof]un] ph'/L ug]{ Dofb ;dfKt
ePsf] ldltn] ;fdfGotof gAa] lbgleq k'g/fjnf]sg u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{5 .
#= pklgod -@_ adf]ldh k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ klxn] k|sflzt a9'jf l;kmfl/;sf]
gfdfjnLdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf ;f] sf] lg0f{o u/L cfof]un] ;+zf]lwt a9'jf
l;kmfl/;sf] gfdfjnL k|sflzt ug'{kg]{5 .
$= pklgod -!_ adf]ldh kg{ cfPsf] ph"/L em'6\6f 7xl/Pdf ph"/L
kl5 x'g] a9'jfdf To:tf] ph"/Lstf{sf] klxnf] k6ssf] ph"/L eP @ c+s /
bf]>f] k6ssf] ph"/L eP # c+s 36fOg]5 .
%= pklgod -$_ adf]ldh ePsf] sf/jfxLsf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt lzIfs tyf
;DalGwt lzIfs sfo{/t /x]sf] lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
a9'jf ldlt / a9'jf lgo'lQm ;DaGwL
Joj:yf lgDg 5g\ M–
!= lgod ## adf]ldh a9'jf gfdfjnL k|sflzt ePkl5 a9'jfsf] ph'/Lsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] gfdfjnL k|sflzt ePsf] ldltaf6 k}+tL;lbg;Dd a9'jf l;kmfl/;
kfpg] pDd]bfjf/nfO{ a9'jf lgo'lQm glbO{ k|ltIff ;"rLdf /flvg]5 . ;f] a9'jf
l;kmfl/; pk/ ph'/L gk/]df ;f] gfdfjnL k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] 5QL;f}+ lbgsf]
ldltaf6 a9'jf x'g] >]0fLsf] h]i7tf sfod x'g]u/L lgo'lQm lbg'kg]{5 .
@= a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/;pk/ ph'/L k/]df b]xfoadf]lhd h]i7tf ldlt sfod u/L
lgo'lQM lbg'kg]{5 M
s= lgod #$ sf] pklgod -#_ adf]lhd a9'jf l;kmfl/;sf] gfdfjnLdf ;+zf]wg
ug]{ lg0f{o ePdf ;f] adf]lhd ;+zf]lwt gfdfjnL k|sfzg ePsf] ldltb]lv,
v= ph'/L vf/]h ePdf jf cfof]usf] klxn]sf] l;kmfl/; g} sfod ePdf klxnf]
k6ssf] a9'jf l;kmfl/; k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] 5lQ;f}+ lbgb]lv .
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f
a9'jfsf] nflu lj1fkg
lgod @* adf]lhd 5'6\ofOPsf] k|ltztcg'?k cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f x'g] a9'jfåf/f k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ kbsf] nflu
cfof]un] ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/n] yfxf kfpg] u/L lj1fkg k|sflzt ug'{kg]{5 . ;f]
lj1fkgdf a9'jf x'g] kbsf] ;+Vof, cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotf Pj+ ;]jf cjlw b/vf:t
a'empg] 7fpF tyf clGtd ldlt, hfFr x'g] 7fpF / cfjZos cGo ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v
u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] cfwf/ b]xfo
adf]lhd /x]sf] kfOG5 M
s=
lnlvt k/LIff v= cGtjf{tf{
k/LIffsf]
kf7\oqmd tyf a9'jf l;kmfl/;;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf lgDg 5g\ M–
!= cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd cfof]un] tf]s]adf]ldh x'g]5
.
@= lzIfsnfO{ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f a9'jf ubf{ lnOg] lnlvt
k/LIff / cGtjf{tf{sf] cÍ ljefhg tyf cGo Joj:yf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff ;/x
x'g]5 . To;/L cGtjf{tf{sf] c+s ljefhg ubf{ lzIfsnfO{
cg'ejafkt k|To]s jif{sf] Ps cÍsf b/n] a9Ldf bz cÍ lbOg]5 .
lzIfs d"Nofª\sg a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M
!= o; lgodfjnL cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} klg txsf]
>]0fLdf lzIfs kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ ;f]xL txsf] ;f]xL >]0fLaf6
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] u/L clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg] lzIfsnfO{ Ps dlxgfcufj} ;f]xL txsf]
dflyNnf] >]0fLdf a9'jf ug{sf] nflu cfof]un] l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .
@= pklgod -!_ adf]ldh cjsfz kfpg] lzIfsn] cfkm"n] cjsfz kfpg]
ldlteGbf ^ dlxgf cufj} cfjZos sfuhft ;+sng u/L ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf
lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
s= pklgod -@_ adf]ldh k|fKt ePsf] lgj]bg;lxtsf] sfuhft 5flag ubf{ lgj]bg
lbg] lzIfsnfo{ a9'jf ug{ ldNg] b]lvPdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] To:tf] lzIfsnfO{
cjsfz x'g'eGbf () lbg cufj} cfof]udf ;f]lgj]bg k7fpg'kg]{5 .
v= pklgod -@=s_ adf]ldh k|fKt ePsf] lgj]bg;lxtsf] sfuhft 5fglag, ubf{
lgj]bg lbg] lzIfsnfO{ a9'jf ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPdf cof]un] To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ pklgod
-!_ adf]lhd a9'jf ug{ ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]5 .
u= pklgod -@=v_ adf]lhd cof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPdf lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/Ln] lgj]bg lbg] lzIfsnfO{ cjsfz x'g'eGbf Ps dlxgfcl3 ;f]xL txsf] Ps
txdflysf] >]0fLsf] a9'jf ug'{kg]{5 .
#= pklgod -!_ adf]lhd a9'jf ubf{ :jtM ljz]if kb l;h{gf ePsf] dflgg]5 /
To:tf] lzIfsn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz kfPkl5 ;f] a9'jf ePsf] kb :jtM vf/]h eO{ ;fljs kb
sfod /xg]5 .
$= o; lgod adf]ldh a9'jf x'g s'g}
lzIfsn] lgj]bg glbPsf] ePtfklg To:tf] lzIfs;Fu ;DalGwt sfuhftsf] cfwf/df
cfof]un] a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lzIfsnfO{ lzIfs lstfavfgfn] Ps >]0fL
dflysf] tna /sdaf6 lx;fa u/L lgj[lQe/0f lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg
tyf cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf
!= o; lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s}
s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf] >]0fLsf kbdf sDtLdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ;]jf
cjlw k"/f u/]sf lzIfsn] ;]jf k|j]z ubf{
lgwf{/0f cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]UotfeGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
;]jf k|j]z x'g'eGbf cl3 jf kl5 dfq u/]sf] ePTo:tf] lzIfsnfO{ Ps >]0fL
dflysf] kbdf a9'jf ul/g]5 .
s= k|fylds t[tLo >]0fL –
!) jif{
v= k|fylds låtLo jf lgDg dfWolds t[tLo >]0fL – !@ jif{
u= lgDg dfWolds låtLo jf dfWolds t[tLo >]0fL – !% jif{
3= dfWolds låtLo >]0fL –
!* jif{
@= pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|fylds, lgDg dfWolds /
dfWolds txsf låtLo / t[tLo >]0fLsf lzIfsn] Pp6} >]0fLsf] :yfoL kbdf qmdzM
!#, !% / !* jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/L ;]jf k|j]zsf avt
lgwf{l/t ljifodf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] eP To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ Ps
>]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9'jf ul/g]5 .
#= pklgod -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg k|fylds, lgDg
dfWolds / dfWolds txsf] k|yd >]0fLsf] lzIfs / b]xfosf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg
lzIfs a9'jf x'g ;Sg] 5}g M
s= lgod @& sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] cj:yfdf,
v= lzIfsn] lgod @* sf] pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -3_ sf] pkv08 -$_ adf]lhdsf]
d"NofÍg jf z}lIfs ;q @)^% sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg dWo] s'g} Psdf
sDtLdf krxQ/ k|ltzt cÍ k|fKt gu/]sf] cj:yfdf .Æ
$= pklgod -!_ jf -@_ adf]ldh a9'jf ul/Psf] lzIfssf] clen]v cof]un]
cBfjlws u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L lzIfs lstfavfgfnfO{ ;d]t lbg'kg]{5 .
%= o; lgod adf]lhd a9'jf ePsf] lzIfs h'g;'s} sf/0fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz ePdf
jf lgh dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf ePdf lghsf] kb ;DalGwt txsf] t[tLo >]0fLdf sfod
x'g]5 .
^= o; lgod adf]lhdsf] a9'jf Ps k6ssf] nflu dfq ul/g]5 / cof]un] a9'jf;DaGwL
sfo{ ;Djt\ @)^* ;fn r}q d;fGtleq ;DkGg ug'{kg]{5 .
&= sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jfsf] b/vf:t
cfXjfg ug]{, glthf k|sfzg ug]{ k|lqmof / cjlw, a9'jf pk/sf] ph"/Lsf]
sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf cof]un] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
To;}
u/L cg';"rL ! -lgod #@ sf] pklgod -!_ ;Fu ;DalGWt_ df lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg
d"NofÍg sf/s
lzIfs ;+s] lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
lzIfssf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ug{ cg';"rL ! lgod #@ sf] pklgod
-!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt lgDg kmf/fdsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
sf=;=d"= kmf/fd btf{ g+=M btf{ ldltM btf{ ePsf] ljBfnoM
lzIfs÷k|wfgfWofkssf] gfd y/M
t g+M
txM
>]0fLM
ljBfnosf] gfd 7]ufgfM
d"NofÍg cjlwM
============================ b]lv ===========================;Dd
v08 æsÚÚ
!= cWofkg u/]sf] ;DalGwt ljifodf
ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAw jflif{s
k"0f{ÍM #
s= cWofkg u/]sf] txM
v= cWofkg u/]sf] sIffM
u= cWofkg u/]sf] ljifoM
3= cfwf/ lnOPsf] k/LIffM
!= sIff # sf] pknlAw k/LIff
@= sIf % sf] pknlAw k/LIff
#= sIff * sf] lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIff
$= k|j]lzsf k/LIff
%= pRr dfWolds lzIff
^= ckfËnfO{ cWofkg ug]{
ljBfyL{sf] k/LIff
&= ;|f]t JolQmsf] ?kdf
vl6Psf] lzIfssf] xsdf ;|f]t s]Gb|leqsf] ljBfyL{sf] k|fKt u/]sf] k/LIffx?sf]
;du| k/LIffkmnsf] cf}ift
*= cGo
8= ;DalGwt ljifosf] k/LIffdf
ljBfyL{x?n] k|fKt u/]sf] cf}ift c+s ====
r= cWofkg
u/]sf] ljifosf] sIffut cf};t pQL0f{ k|ltzt x #
;DalGwt
ljifosf] ef}uf]lns OsfOsf] cf};t pQL0f{ k|ltzt
lzIfsn] k|fKtu/]sf] c+s
l;kmfl/; ug]{sf] b:tvt M
====================
gfd, y/M
kb M
k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|wfgfWofks, ;|f]t
JolQm jf ljBfno lg/LIfssf] b:tvtM ========
gfd, y/ M
kb M
cfkm"n] cWofkg u/]sf]
ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] k/LIffkmn cg';f/ u0fgf ePsf] 5 egL b:tvt ug]{ ;DalGWt
lzIfssf] b:tvt M ===========================
-k|wfgfWofkssf] d"NofÍg ug]{
eP ;|f]t JolQm / ljBfno lg/LIfsn] dfly pNn]lvt s'/f l;kmfl/; u/L b:tvt ug'{kg]{
5 ._
v08 ævÆ
@= lzIf0f sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt
cg';Gwfgsf] ljj/0f M jflif{s k"0ff{Í N !
s_ cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] ljifosf]
;+lIfKt Joxf]/f M
v_ cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt lgisif{sf]
;+lIfKt Joxf]/f M
u_ ;+nUg ul/Psf] k|ltj]bgsf] k[i8
;+Vof M
3_ lzIfsn] k|fKt u/]sf] c+s M
================
-lzIf0f sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf
cg';Gwfg u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] xf] egL l;kmfl/; ug]{ lzIfssf] xsdf k|wfgfWofks
/ k|wfgfWofkssf] xsdf ;|f]t JolQm / ljBfno lg/LIfsn] b:tvt ug'{kg]{ 5 ._
l;kmfl/; ug]{sf] b:tvt M k|dfl0ft
ug]{sf] b:tvt
gfd, y/ gfd, y/
kb M kb M
;+s]t g+= ;+s]t g+=
M
ldlt M ldlt M
v08 æuÆ
#= ljz]if lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljj/0f
s_ k|wfgfWofks ===== b]lv
============= ;Dd
v_ ;xfos k|wfgfWofks ===========
b]lv ========== ;Dd
u_ ljz]if lzIff ===============
b]lv ============== ;Dd
3_ ju{ lzIfs ========== b]lv
============== ;Dd
ª_ ax'ju{ lzIfs ========== b]lv
============== ;Dd
r_ ljBfyL{ k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx ;]jf
;+of]hs ========== b]lv ============== ;Dd
5_ ;+uLt, ufot / g[To ;+of]hs ==========
b]lv ============== ;Dd
h_ v]ns'b ;+of]hs ========== b]lv
============== ;Dd
em_ cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;+of]hs
========== b]lv ============== ;Dd
`_ k/LIff / ljBfyL{ d"NofÍg
;+of]hs ========== b]lv ============== ;Dd
6_ ljBfno ;d'bfo ;Dagw ;+of]hs ==========
b]lv ============== ;Dd
7_ cGo ========== b]lv
============== ;Dd
lzIfsn] k|fKt u/]sf] c+s M
========================
l;kmfl/; ug]{ k|wfgfWofks jf
;|f]t JolQmsf] b:tvtM ====================
gfd, y/ M
kbM
;+s]t g+= M
ldlt M
k|dfl0ft
ug]{ ;|f]t JolQm jf ljBfno lg/LIfssf] b:tvt M
gfd, y/ M
kbM
;+s]t g+= M
ldlt M
v08 æ3Æ
sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df ;'k/Lj]Ifs
/ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"NofÍg
|
qm=;+= |
d"Nof+sgsf cfwfx? |
;'k/Lj]Ifs * |
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt @ |
||||||
|
cltpQd !=)) |
pQd !=)) |
dWod !=)) |
;fdfGo !=)) |
cltpQd !=)) |
pQd !=)) |
dWod !=)) |
;fdfGo !=)) |
||
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! |
ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg |
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@ |
lzIf0f k]zfk|ltsf] lgi7f, nuglzntf /
cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf |
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# |
ljBfnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/k|lt b]]vfpg] tbf?stf,
pQ/bfloTj axg / lhDd]jf/L af]w |
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$ |
cWofkg ljlw / ;Lksf] k|of]u |
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% |
ljBfno ;do, sIff sf]7fsf] ;dosf] kfngf, ;b'kof]u
tyf sIff Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng |
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^ |
cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk|lt ;lqmotf Pjd ;+nUgtf |
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& |
z}lIfs ;fdfu|L ;+sng, lgdf{0f / k|of]u |
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* |
ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf] cWofjlws clen][v /fVg] / cleefjsx?nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpg] |
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k|To]s dxnsf] hDdf |
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k|To]s dxnsf] hDdf |
hDdf c+s M
cIf/df M |
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hDdf c+s M cIf/df |
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;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbPsf] hf]8\bf
x'g cfpg] s'n c+s M cIf/df
M |
|||||||||
|
s}lkmot |
|||||||||
;'k/Lj]Ifssf] gfdM k'g/fjnf]sg
;ldltM
kb M !=
gfdM
b:tvt M kbM
ldlt M v:tvt<
;+s]t g+= M ;+s]t
g+= M
@= gfdM
kbM
b:tvtM
;+s]t g+= M
#= gfd M
kb M
b:tvt M
;+s]t g+=
6.
Conclusion:. lzIfs d"Nofª\sg cfGtl/s /
afXo k4ltaf6 ul/G5 . vf; u/L cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg lzIfssf] a9'jfsf] k|of]hgsf
nflu ul/G5 . lzIfs lgodfjnL @)%& -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg, @)^&_ sf cg';f/ lzIfs
d"Nofª\sg ubf{ gf]s/Lsf] h]i7tf, z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd / sfo{;Dkfbgsf
cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .xfnsf] lzIfs d"Nofª\sg
gLltdf ul/g] ul/Psf] >]0fLut a9'jfsf] Joj:yf /x]sf]df of]Uotf cg';f/ txut
a9'jfsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg lgo'lQm ePsf] jif{af6
% jif{kl5 dfq d"Nofª\sg x'g] Joj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L lgo'lQm kfPsf] jif{b]lv
g} d"Nofª\sg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg /
cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{Tds d"Nofª\sg k4ltaf6 ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf]df Pp6f k4ltaf6
dfq} ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
o;/L lzIfs
d"NofÍg u/] klg o;sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf s]xL d'2fx? b]lvPsf 5g\, h'g lgDg
5g\ M
·
j:t'ut d"NofÍgsf qmddf kIfkft, /fhg}lts k|efj lsg <
·
j:t'ut / ;xL 9Ën] d"NofÍg 5 <
·
pRr z}lIfs of]Uotf cg';f/ txut a9'jf x'gk5{ ls <
·
b'O{ k|sf/sf a9'jf k2lt geP/ cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{tDs ckgfpg
;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g
·
lzIfs lgo'lQm eP b]lv g} d"NofÍg k|lqmof cufl8 ga9L
lsg ! jif{ jf % jif{ s'g'{ kg]{ <
·
ljz]if lhDd]jf/Lsf] lglZrt dfkb08 s]<
·
lzIfsnfO{ xr'jfsf] e/df gDa/ lbgf] k|0ffnL ;Dej 5 t<
14. School Governance
Introduction:– hgtf, ;+:yf jf s'g} ;ª\u7gdf x'g]
sfo{z}nLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ af6f] xf] zf;g, h;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ljlw÷tl/sf dflgG5
. zlQmsf] cEof; xf] . b]zleq ePsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;|f]tx?nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{
sfd ub{5 . h'g hgtf s]lGb|t x'g] ub{5 . b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{
Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;fwg Governance ePsfn] PsLs[t wf/0ff dflgG5 .zf;gsf] ;DaGw ljBfno / lzIff
If]q;Fu x'g] x/]s sfo[qmd h:t} — Joj:yfksLo If]q, cfly{s If]q, k|zf;lgs h:tf
;Dk"0f{ If]q;Fu o;sf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . zf;g cfkm}df Ps tl/sf÷k|lqmof
xf], zf;g Ps Joj:yf xf] . s'g} klg ;+:yf ;d'bfonfO{ ;ª\ul7t ug{, Joj:yfksLo
9ª\un] ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] zlQmnfO{ zf;g eg]/ lrlgG5 . zf;g Ps lgisif{ lgsfNg] k4lt
xf] . To;sf] kfngf s'g} lgsfo÷hgtfn] :jLsf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . zf;gnfO{ PsLs[t
k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . zf;g Public, private, partnership, professional
competency, information technology etc ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .ljBfno zf;gdf ;fdfGotof
Pp6f lzIf0f ;+:yfleq k|fWofksn] ljBfnonfO{ Joj:yfksLo agfpgsf nflu k|of]u ug]{
clwsf/sf] ?kdf lrlgG5 . ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf @)^^—)&@ kl/lzi6 #—# df klg
of]hgf lgdf{0f ah]6 afF8kmfF8 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ug]{, 7fpFsf] lg0f{o cf}krfl/s /
j}slNks lzIff 5fGg] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg], z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] dfkb08 tof/ ug]{,
ljBfno pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'Frsf]
;'lglZrttf h:tf s'/fx? ;'zf;g leq kg]{ ub{5 (SSPP, 2066-072, kl/lzi6 #=#) . ljBfnodf Go"gtd ;Ifdtf, n}lËs ;dtf,
;dfj]zLs/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu
;d'bfon] e"ldsf tyf k|f]T;fxt ug'{ k5{ eGg] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] School governance df ljBfno, cleefjs, ljBfyL{ ;a} ;ª\ul7t eP/
ljBfnonfO{ lgoGq0f ul/G5 .
2.
Objectives of the Review
-s_ School governance sf] cjwf/0ff :ki6
kfg{,
-v_ School
governance sf] P]ltxfl;s tyf ;dsfnLg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{
3. Concept M ljBfno zf;g eGgfn]
z}lIfs ljsf; / z}lIfs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ;~rfng
ug'{ eGg] a'lemG5 . lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ x]bf{ k|fylds tx b]lv g}
k|wfgfWofkssf] ljz]if e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L k|=c= n] cfˆgf dftxtsf
lzIfs sd{rf/L / ljBfyL{ dfly rnfpg] k|zf;g Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ug]{
Joj:yfnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf ljBfnosf] :yfgLo zf;g elgG5 -clwsf/L lji0f'k|;fb,
g]kfnsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd, k[= ##&_. To;}n] ljBfno ;~rfngsf] lglDt
ljBfno k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lbOPsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;fdfGotof xfdL ljBfno k|zf;g eGg]
a'‰5f}F . School
governance leq dGqfnob]lv ufpF lzIff ;ldlt;Ddsf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Institutional
level local level district level, central level sf ?kdf schol governance leq ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] x'G5 . lzIff ;+:yfsf] txleq cleefjs lzIfs, ;d'bfo, k|wfgfWofkssf] d'Vo
e"ldsf /xG5 . :yfgLo txleq ufpF ljsf; lzIff ;ldlt, gu/lzIff ;ldlt SMC, MEL cflbsf] klg
e"ldsf /x]sf] x'g\ . lhNnf :t/Lo leq lhNnf lzIff sfof{no DDC, DEC, RC cflb kb{5 /
s]Gb|Lo tx cGtu{t TAI, NCED, DOE, CDC, SLC exam Board, Legislation government of MOE
planning commission /x]sf] 5 . School governments nfO{ Joj:yfksLo
agfpgsf lgldQ lzIff P]g @)@*, lzIff lgodfjnL @)%(, SSRP @))*, /fli6«o
kf7\oqmd k|f?k @))&, EFA 2000-2015 df ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -clwsf/L, lji0f'k|;fb, g]kfnsf]
z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?, k[= #&&_ . o;/L School governance tNnf] txb]lv dflyNnf] tx;Dd ;ª\u7g
ul/Psf] 5 .
ljBfno k|zf;gsf
ljz]iftfM z}lIfs ;+:yfdf x'g] ljleGg sfo[qmdx?sf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg k|lqmof School governance xf] . z}lIfs
If]qdf x'g] ;+/rgfn] ug]{ sfo{x?sf] ;'zf;g k|lqmof School governance xf] . o; ljBfno
k|zf;gsf] ljz]iftf o;k|sf/ 5 M
Ø of] zf;g PsLs[t
k|lqmof xf] .
Ø z}lIfs ;+:yfdf
x'g] ljleGg k|lqmofnfO{ ;'zf;go'Qm agfpg] ljz]if cjwf/0ff xf] .
Ø o;n] ;dfj]lztf,
;xeflutf, p2]Zof]Gd'vtf, ;dtf cflb h:tf] s'/fnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'G5 .
Ø o;n] z}Ifl0fs
sfo{qmdsf] of]hgfb]lv d"Nofª\sg;Ddsf] n]vfhf]vf ub{5 .
Ø ljBfno k|zf;gn]
ljBfnosf] rn crn ;DklQsf] cfjlws u/fpg]
jf ;'kl/j]If0f ;+/If0f / kl/rfng ug]{ .
Ø ljBfno k|zf;gn]
/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs k|zf;gnfO{ pkof]u ub{5 .
Ø z}Ifl0fs
;ª\u7gnfO{ k|fljlws ?kdf ug]{ sfo{ ljBfno zf;g k|0ffnLn] u5{ .
Ø ljBfnosf] k|zf;sLo
lg0f{o ug]{ zlQm xf] .
Ø ljBfno k|zf;g M
ljBfnonfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ Pp6f af6f] xf] h;n] k|=c=, cleefjs, ljBfyL{, Joj:yfkg
;ldlt;Fu ;dGjo u/L ljBfnonfO{ zf;g u5{ h'g hgtf s]lGb|t x'G5 .
Ø ljBfno k|zf;gn] SMC ;Fu} afXo /
cfGtl/s ;dGjo u/L ljBfno If]qnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpF5 .
Historical
Development: g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ /f0ffsfnLg lzIff
k|0ffnL;Dd k'Ug'kg]{ x'G5 . lj=;+= !()& df hËaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqfaf6
kmls{;s]kl5 lj=;+= !(!) df a]nfotL lzIffaf6 k|efljt eO{ cfˆg} b/af/df c+u|]hL School vf]Ng' / To;sf]
;'kl/j]If0f / ;~rfngsf nflu k|wfgfWofksdf Mr. Canning ;'kl/j]Ifssf] ?kdf Mr. Ross nfO{ lgo'Qm ug'{
z}lIfs Oltxf;df ljBfno k|zf;gsf] ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG5 . /f0ffsfnLg lzIff b]lv g}
lj=;+ =!(!% df lzIfftkm{ x]/ljrf/ ug{ lzIff ljefu / lzIff lgb]{zssf] Joj:yf
eof] . o;sf] klxnf] 8fO/]S6/ aa/hË /f0ff x'g\ . ljBfnosf] k|zf;gsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd cËLsf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L lj=;+= !($@ df b/af/
:s'nnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf lglDt v'Nnf ul/of] . o;nfO{ clxn] efg' df=lj= df gfds/0f
ul/of] . lj=;+= !)@& df gf/fo0flx6L ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !)#@ df
if8fgGb clwsf/Ln] ef]hk'/sf] l9ªnfdf ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf, To;}u/L lj=;+=
!($# df tLgwf/f ;+:st kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf x'g' /f0ffsfnLg lzIffsf] pknlAw x'g\ .
lj=;+= !($@ df jL/ zdz]/sf] kfndf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lzIffsf] :j?k / df=lj=
lbzfaf/] P]ltxfl;s 5nkmn ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= !(() df SLC af]8{sf] :yfkgf
ePsf] xf] . lj=;+= !((# df h'4 zdz]/sf] kfnfdf 8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns
OG:S;gnfO{ lzIffsf] ljleGg kIfdf ;Nnfx lbg @@ ;b:oLo lzIff af]8{ u7g ul/of] .
lzIff ljsf;sf] qmddf lj=;+= !((^ df3 * ut] lzIff ;DaGWL klxnf] Ol:txf; cyf{t\
lgodfjnL 3f]if0ff ul/of] . To;nfO{ g} g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljlwjt\ klxnf] lgodfjnL
dflgPsf] 5 . lj=;+= !((^ sf] Ol:txf/ cg';f/ :s'nx?sf] ef}lts cj:yf lzIfssf]
of]Uotf, k7gkf7gsf] :t/ lg/LIf0f ug]{ u/L lj=;+= !((* df æOG:k]S6/ ckm :s'N;
clkm;Æ v8f u/L lj=;+= !((( df ;"o{k|;fbnfO{ klxnf] æOG:k]S6/ ckm :s'N;Æ
lgo'Qm ul/of] . of] klg ljBfno k|zf;g ljsf;df ePsf] csf]{ pknlAw xf] . lj=;+=
@))% df of]hgf sldzgsf] u7g, lj=;+= @))( df ?b|/fh kf08]sf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o
lzIff af]8{sf] u7g lj=;+= @)!) df /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g ul/of] .
lj=;+= @)!* df ;=/f= lzIffsf] u7g lj=;+= @)@* df /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf
cg';f/ ljBfnonfO{ # txdf afFl8Psf] 5 . k|fylds # jif{ lg=df= # jif]{ / df=lj= @
jif]{ x'g] pNn]v 5 . lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] of]hgf ug]{ / ;f] cg';f/ sfof{Gjog eP
gePsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ lzIff k|zf;g lg/LIf0f, k|0ffnLaf/] :ki6 u/L s]Gb|
:t/df lzIff dGqfno, lhNnf :t/df lh=lz=sf=÷If]qLo :t/df If]=lz=lg= / s]Gb|df
;d]t If]lzlgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . zfxL pRr lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg
@)$) df lzIfssf] ;xeflutf ;]jf, k|j]z, ;]jf zt{ d"Nofª\sg h:tf s'/fx?
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L kf7\oqmd ;'wf/, kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;, z}lIfs
sfo{tflnsf ljefusf] ;'b[9Ls/0f cflb s'/fx?nfO{ klg School governance sf ?kdf x]g{
;lsG5 . ljBfno k|zf;g ;DaGwL ePsf ljleGg gLlt lgodx? lzIff sfof{nosf] k|ltj]bg
@)%& df u|fdL0f lzIff sf]if ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff NofOof] . To;}u/L lzIff ;DaGwL
pRr:t/Lo sfo{ ;ldltsf] sfo{ k|ltj]bg @)%* df ljBfno Joj:yfkg, k|wfgfWofks,
ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;'wf/, :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsf, lzIfs, Joj:yfkg cflbsf]
af/]df cWoog ePsf] 5 . lzIffsf] ljleGg k|ltj]bgx?sf cnfjf lzIff P]g @)@*
df dfWolds lzIff eGgfn] !—!) ;Dd hgfOPsf] 5 . ljBfno k|zf;gdf cleefjs ;+3,
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, k|wfgfWofks / lzIfsnfO{ ljBfno k|zf;gLosf ?kdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ljBfnos ;~rfngsf] cg'dlt / :jLs[ltsf] af/]df klg ljz]if
Wofg /fv]sf 5f}F . vf;u/L lzIffn] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL u7g k|lqmofsf] Joj:yf,
dxflgb]{zs, lgb]{zs, lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ klg ;'lglZrt
u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ljBfno k|zf;gnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt agfpgsf nflu lg/LIfssf] sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/sf] klg Joj:yfkg klg Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lzIff
k|0ffnLdf ljBfn ;'zf;g ;DaGwL w]/} sfdx? klg ePsf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos ljBfno / lghL
ljBfno ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tof/ kf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ klg cufl8 a9]sf] kfOG5 .
vf;u/L lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpgsf lglDt lzIff P]g @)@* nfO{ sf]z] 9'Ëf ;flat
ag]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ gofF lzIff of]hgf klg dflgG5 . ljBfno ;'zf;g To;}u/L
ljBfnonfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ;~rng ug{sf nflu cyjf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{sf
nflu k/LIffsf] kl/rfng / lgoGq0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . z}lIfs
k|zf;gnfO[ r':t / b'?:t agfpg ljleGg gLlt lgodfjnLx?sf] sfof{Gjog u/] klg
ljBfno ;'zf;g ;DaGwL ljleGg r'gf}tL tyf d'2fx? ;d:ofsf] ?kdf cfPsf 5g\ . ljBfno
;'zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpgsf nflu z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] u7g ;DaGwL
Joj:yf lzIff lgodfjnL @)%( df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ljBfyL{sf] egf{ ;DaGwL
Joj:yf ljBfnosf] tx jefhg k|wfgfWofkssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{ :ki6 kfl/Psf]
5 . h;cg';f/ ljBfnodf z}lIfs jftfj/0f, u'0f:t/, k|zf;lgs sfo{sf] ;~rfng,
lgoGq0f, k/LIff ;~rfng, ljBfnosf] sfo{of]hgf ;DaGwL ljljw clwsf/ pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 .
lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpgsf nflu lj=;+= @)%& df lzIfs ;]jf
cfof]usf] u7g lzIfs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgsf lglDt cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf klg
ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfno eg]sf] bIf / ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ynf] xf] . of]
If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kn] ;~rfng ug{sf lglDt lzIffsf] ljsf;b]lv g} ljBfno
;'zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lgSs} k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . School governance sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
sfo{rog ug{sf nflu ljleGg If]qaf6 ljleGg k|of;x? x'g] u/] klg sfof{Gjogsf]
cj:yf eg] lkmtnf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg cj:yf ljBfno ;'zf;gsf] k|lqmofnfO[ ;~rfng
ug{sf nflu kf7\oqmd, /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f?k @)^# df ljBfnosf] ;ª\u7gnfO{ b'O{
efudf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ ! b]lv % / dfWolds lzIffnfO{ (
b]lv !@ df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfwf/e"t txnfO{ # r/0fdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5
. To;}u/L k/LIff tyf d"Nofª\sgnfO{ Jojl:yt u/fpg ljleGg k/LIffsf] k|sf/ /
d"Nofª\sgsf] k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ljZj;gLo / j}w
agfpgsf] nflu ljZj;gLotf gfKg] ljleGg ljlwx?sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/psf] 5 .
lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&—)^(_ sf] p2]Zo cGtu{t ;a} ju{ / If]qsf dlxnfsf]
;fdflhs, cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f ub}{ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu dlxnfsf] e"ldsf ;zQm
agfOPsf] kfOG5 . ljBfn ;'wf/ of]hgf -@)^^—@)&@_ sf] kl/lzi6 #=# df ;'zf;g /
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL pNn]v ul/psf] 5 . o; cGtu{t z}lIfs of]hgf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
k|wfgfWofkssf] Joj:yf / nufgLsf] 9fFrf u/L d'Vo rf/ lsl;d;Fu ;DalGwt u/fP/ rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 . k|wfgfWofkssf] Joj:yf cGtu{t ;dli6 cfly{s Joj:yfkg lzIfs / cGo
sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg / d"NofÍg h:tf ljljw sfo{qmdx?, ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 egL
pNn]v ul/Psf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo[qmdsf] d"n b:tfj]hdf o;sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lzIff dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b:o ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . h;sf
clwsf/x? lzIff If]qdf gLltut lg0f{osf] ;d'Gjo ug'{ gLlt ;DaGwL d'2fx?sf] cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug{ gLlt ;DaGwL sfo{x? cg';/0f / cg'udg ug'{ h:tf /x]sf 5g\ .
b.
Current Policy Provisions: g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] lzIff k|fKt ug]{
gful/ssf] df}lns clwsf/nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbFb} dfWolds tx;Ddsf]
lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . b]zaf6 lg/If/tf pGd"ng
ub}{ u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffdf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{, ;a}sf nflu lzIff eGg] ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ / ;g @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{ cNkljsl;t /fi6«x?af6 :t/f]Gglt
ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r xfl;n ug]{ tkm{ lzIff If]qsf k|of;x? s]lGb|t 5g\ . ;/sf/sf
;fy} lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo Pjd\ ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL /
pQ/bfoL agfO{ z}lIfs k|0ffnL, k|lqmof / lqmofsnfknfO{ ;'zf;gsf l;4fGt cg'?k
;~rfng ub}{ ;]jf k|efjnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 .
xfn;Ddsf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug]{tkm{ ;dfj]zL ;dGoflos / u'0f:t/o'Qm z}lIfs
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;Ifd, st{Jolgi7 tyf pTkfbgzLn hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ;f]r lnP/
lzIff If]qsf of]hgf th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . b]ze/ s'n #%@@# ljBfnox? ;~rfngdf /x]sf
5g\ . h;df k|fylds txsf ;a}eGbf a9L #$&$@ / ljBfnox? ;~rflnt 5g\ eg] lgDg
dfWolds / cfwf/e"t ljBfnosf] ;+Vof qmdzM !$*^& / #$%@# /x]sf 5g\ .
To;}u/L dfWolds txdf sIff ( / !) df *&@^ / pRr dfWolds txdf -sIff !! / !@_
#%( ljBfnox? /x]sf 5g\ . -lzIff ljefu, @)&)_ ljleGg lsl;dsf
OR5f, rfxgf k"/f ug{sf nflu lzIffdf cf}krfl/s ljBfno tyf cGo j}slNks
k4ltx? k|of]udf NofOg]5 . ljBfno h:tf cf}krfl/s ;+:yfx?af6 cf}krfl/s lzIff
pknAw u/fOg] 5 . ;fy} j}slNks ?kdf v'Nnf ljBfno, nlrnf] ljBfno nufotsf
cgf}krfl/s dfWod k|of]u ul/g]5 . h'g;'s} k4ltaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] lzIffnfO{ klg
;dfg lsl;dsf] dfGotf k|fKt x'g]5 . k|f/lDes afnlzIff tyf ljsf; ljBfno If]q
;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] d"n b:tfj]hn] ljBfno / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k4ltaf6 k|f/lDes
afnlzIff tyf ljsf; s]Gb|sf] lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . k|f/lDes afnlzIff
tyf ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfsf nflu s]xL Go"gtd cfwf/x? tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .
lzIff ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] afnlzIff tyf ljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfng ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf tyf
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfdf o:tf gLlt / /0fgLlt aLr ;fd~h:otf 5 . k|f/lDes
afnlzIff tyf ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 / cfwf/
k|bfg ub{5 M
— #) b]lv %) 3/w'/L cyf{t\ @) hgfeGbf a9L $ jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf afnaflnsf ePsf] ;d'bfodf Pp6f k|f/lDes afnlzIff tyf ljsf; s]Gb| :yfkgf ug'{ kb{5 .
—
s'g} a:tLaf6 !) ldg]6sf] k}b/ b"/Ldf s'g} ljBfno 5 eg]
To:tf ljBfnodf k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf; s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ k|fyldstf lbg'
kb{5 .
—
cfwf/e"t ljBfno M afnaflnsfx?sf] lzIff kfpg] clwsf/
;'lglZrt ug]{ / b]zsf ef}uf]lns cj:yf tyf a;f]af;sf] 9fFrfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{,
ljleGg sIffsf] ;+of]hg ;lxtsf ljBfnosf] pk9fFrf pknAw x'g]5 . cfwf/e"t
txsf] lzIffdf tLg pk9fFrfsf ljBfno x'g]5g\ . sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf k|f/lDes
ljBfno sIff ! b]lv % ;Ddsf k|fylds ljBfno / sIff ! b]lv * ;Dd pRr k|fylds
ljBfno / * b]lv !@ nfO{ dfWolds ljBfno dflgG5 .
—
s'n #%@@# ljBfnox?dWo] &#% ljBfnox? wfld{s ljBfnosf
?kdf -db/;f, u'Daf, ljxf/, cf>d, u'?s'n_ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . -lzIff ljefu,
@)&)_
—
k"j{ k|fylds, lgDg dfWolds, dfWolds / pRr dfWolds txdf
qmdzM !),$&!!&, $$)!&*), !*@*#%! / $!%#$# 5g\ . -lzIff ljefu,
@)&)_
—
lzIff dGqfnosf] s'n ;+/rgf M lj=;+= @)%@ ;fn kZrft\
klxnf]k6s lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lzIfs kbk"lt{sf nflu lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng
ul/Psf] . -lzIff ljefu, @)&)_
—
/fli6«o k4lt cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\af6 (% k|ltzt eGbf a9L
;fIf/ ePsf uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;fIf/ uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsg]
lg0f{o . -lzIff ljefu, @)&)_
—
sIff # / % sf ljBfyL{sf] /fli6«o pknlAw k/LIf0f ul/Psf] .
— jflif{s ah]6 jStJo
dfkm{t ;If/ g]kfn cleofg ;DkGg ug{ cf=j= @)&)÷)&@ nfO{ lg/If/tf
pGd"ng jif{sf ?kdf dgfOg] Joj:yf 5 .
— k|fljlws tyf
Jofj;flos wf/tkm{ dfWolds tx -P;=Pn=;L_ k/LIffdf n]6/ u|]l8Ë nfu" ug]{
ljifo @)&! b]lvsf] k|fljlws P;=Pn=;L=df . -@)&!, g]kfnsf] Oltxf;
e"uf]n / ;+:s[lt / lzIff ;DaGwL hfgsf/L, k[= @^#_ .
Conclusion: ljBfno k|zf;g ljBfnosf] k|zf;sLo
sfo{ ug]{ zlQm dflgG5 . ljBfnon] ug]{ sfo{x? z}Ifl0fs ;ª\u7g lqmofsnfksf] nflu
lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{ ljBfno k|zf;gn] u5{ . ljBfnonfO{ u'0f:t/Lo jf /fli6«o
kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] p2]Zo tyf of]hgf cg'?k agfpg nIo k|fKt ug{ ljBfno k|zf;gsf]
e"ldsf pRr /x]sf] x'G5 . /fli6«o p2]Zo, txut p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ljBfno
k|zf;gn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;|f]tx?nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ub{5 . tfklg ;/sf/L ljBfno
zf;gdf o:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . k|wfgfWofksnfO{ ljBfnodf
tLgj6f e"ldsf lbPsf 5g\ . k|zf;g k|d'v, :jod\;]js / sIff lzIf0fsf] nflu
lg/LIf0f h;df ljBfno k|zf;g lkmtnf] ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} lh=lz=c= n] /fd|f]
ljBfno agfpgsf nflu lbPsf] cg'bfg plrt k|of]u gx'g], lzIf0f l;sfO pknlAwdf lghL
ljBfno cg'?ksf] :t/df j[l4 x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/L ljBfnodf ;dodf
kf7\ok':ts pknAw gx'g', lzIfs cleefjssf] a]jf:tfn] lzIf0f l;sfO pknlAw v:sFbf]
cj:yf 5 . h;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ ;+Vofdf 36\bf] cj:yfdf 5 . lj=lg= /
;|f]t JolQm ljBfno k|zf;gsf] cflwsfl/s If]q xf] . o; If]qn] ljBfno k|zf;gdf
;'kl/j]If0f u/L ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg] sfd u5{ . o;y{ k|zf;g hgtf s]lGb|t x'g], hgtfdf
lglxt x'g] ePsfn] ljBfno k|zf;g klg ;fj{ef}d s]lGb|t 5 .
15.
Alternative Approaches
2. Objectives of the
Review
-s_ j}slNks
lzIffnfO{ lrgfpg / o;sf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff k|i6 kfg{,
-v_ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df j}slNks
lzIffdf ePsf jt{dfg cEof; / gLltut Joj:yfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ .
Concept M lzIffdf k|rlnt
lzIff k|0ffnLdf gofF ljsNksf] vf]hL x'g' j}slNks wf/0ffx? x'g\ . of] lzIffsf]
Ps b[li6sf]0f xf] . o; b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ l;sfOsf ljleGg dfWodx? x'G5g\ . tL
dfWodx? jftfj/0fLo jf ;+/rgfTds b'j} x'g ;S5g\ . of] ;a} l;sf?x?n] Ps} k|sf/n] /
Ps} tl/sfn] l;Sg ;Sb}gg\ / ljBfno dfq l;sfOsf] ynf] xf]Og eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t
5 . ;dfh kl/jt{gzLn 5 . ;dfh kl/jt{g;Fu} ;dfh / ;dfhsf ;b:ox?sf] efudf klg
kl/jt{g x'G5 . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf k'/fg} lrGtg / ljsNkx?n] ;fdflhs / JolQMut
dfux? k"/f ug{ ;lsFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf j}slNks wf/0ffx?sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
ljZjdf j}slNks lzIff jf lzIffdf j}slNks wf/0ffsf] ;'?jft !( cf}F ztfAbLb]lv
ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(^) b]lv !(&) ;Dd j}slNks lzIff ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf ?kdf
ljsf; eP . o; cjlwdf o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf lzIffzf:qL Oefg Olnr, P=P;= g]On,
xf6{d6 efg, hf]g xN6, hf]gfyg sf]nf]h, xa{6 sf]xn cflbn] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnon]
k|bfg ug]{ lzIffsf] d"No dfGotf dfly k|Zg p7fP . Oefg Olnrn] Deschoaling Society /]d/n] The
School is Dead, kfpnf] k|m]/]sf] Pedagogy
of Appressed h:tf k':tsx? k|sfzg u/]kl5 lzIffdf gjLg
b[li6sf]0fsf] aLhf/f]k0f u/]kl5 gofF r]tgfsf cf/De eof] eg] k|rlnt lzIff
k|0ffnLdf j}slNks lrGtg ;'? eof] . pgLx?n] ljBfnon] afnaflnsfsf nflu
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf] / cf}krfl/s ljBfnon] ;a}nfO{ lzIffsf]
kx'Fr k'¥ofpg g;s]sf]df lrGtf JoQm u/]sf
lyP . ljBfnosf] sIffsf]7fdf eGbf ljBfno aflx/sf] lzIffsf] ljifodf lrGtg ug{
yflnPkl5 j}slNks lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff aflx/ cfof] . j}slNks lzIffsf] cy{ Jofkf/
/x]sf] 5 . o;n] k/Dk/fut ljBfno eGbf aflx/sf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwnfO{ ;d]6\5 .
o;df lzIf0f l;sfO;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfx?df nlrnf]kgf kfOG5 . of] nlrnf]
lsl;dsf] x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf] lzIff nlrnf] lsl;dsf] x'Fbf l;sf?sf ?lrut jf Idtfut
jf cGo kl/l:ylthGo ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . l;sf?n] cfˆgf] cfjZostf /
cfˆgf] ;+;f/;Fu} ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' l;Sg] ;Defjgf /xg] ePsf]n] l;sf?x?df pRr
k|sf/sf] pTk|]/0ff x'g] ck]iff ul/G5 / To;sf sf/0fn] l;sfO k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
j}slNks lzIffsf] cy{sf vf]hL ubf{ cd]l/sL lzIff ljefun] cf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg
ug{ g;Sg] afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if z}lIfs cfjZostfnfO[ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fd'bflos
ljBfnod} ljz]if lzIff jf Jofj;flos lzIff k|bfg ug]{ u/L ;+of]lht lzIffsf ?kdf
cYof{Psf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf] ;Gbe{df 3/df lbOg] lziff, ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf
afnaflnsf / sl7g kl/l:Yltdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] lzIffnfO{ j}slNks lzIff
dflgPsf] kfOG5 . lzIffdf j}slNks wf/0ffx? ljleGg :j?kdf kfpg ;sG5 . o; wf/0ffx?
b]z cg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5 . ef/t, OG8f]g]lzof, lkmlnlkG; / yfONofG8h:tf b]zx?n]
cf}krfl/s lzIffsf ;dsIfL j}slNks lzIffsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
aª\unfb]z, Dofgdf/h:tf b]zn] k|fylds lzIffsf] ;dsIfL sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf ;~rfng
u/]sf] kfOG5 . j}slNks lzIffdf ljBfnosf] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cj;/ k|fKt ug{
g;s]sf, ljBfno 5f8]sf, ljBfno 5f8\g ;Sg], ljleGg ljifdtfdf k/]sf / sfdsfhLx?
l;sf?sf] kx'Fr;Dd k'Ub5 .
Characteristics of Alternative Approaches to Education
Ø o;df 5f]6f] ;dodf
jf l;sf?sf] ultcg';f/ l;Sg] cj;/;lxt kf7\oj:t' tof/ u/L lzIf0f ul/G5 .
Ø o;af6 cf}krfl/s
lzIff k4ltsf] ;dsIfL lzIff cfh{gsf] cj;/ pknAw x'G5 .
Ø of] cf}krfl/s
lzIffsf] cj;/ k|fKt ug{ g;s]sfx?sf nflu lzIff xf] .
Ø o;df lzIf0f l;sfOsf
ljlwx? ;d]tdf ljleGg ljsNk pknAw x'G5g\ .
Ø of] lg/Gt/ /
hLjgko{Gt ;~rfng x'g] hLjg pkof]uL ;Lkx? l;lsg] gful/s pQ/bfloTj ;lxtsf] ljZj
kl/j]z cg'?ksf] hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ vfnsf] lzIffsf] b[li6sf]0f x'G5 .
Classification/Types of
Alternative Approaches to Education
-s_ cgf}krfl/s
lzIff M cgf}krfl/ssf] t'ngfdf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf]
cl:tTj 5'§} x'G5 . ;dfh tyf JolStsf] b}lgs Jojxf/,lrGtgz}nL tyf 1fg k|fKt ug]{
cfwf/ x]bf{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff hLjgko{Gt rln/xg] Ps dfWodsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;
lzIffn] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} JolSt tyf ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf k'/f ug]{ ;f]r /fVb5 .
cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] ;j} pd]/ ;d'xsf JolStnfO{ z}lIfs cj;/ lbG5 . ljz]ifu/L o;
lzIffn] lzIffsf] cj;/af6 al~rt k|f}9 tyf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL, l;ko'St
/ Jojxfl/s 1fg lbg] ub{5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] pTklt / cy{nfO{ s]nfpbf
o;k|sf/sf] lzIffsf] ;'?jft cflbaf;L ;dfhd} ePsf] kfOG5 .of] Nofpg'sf] sf/0fx?df
JolStnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f k|lsofdf Nofpg], o'jfx?nfO{ ;dfh;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg],
;fdflhs d"No dfGotf tyf ljZjf;nfO{ k':t]gL x:tfGt/0f ug]{ / o'jfx?nfO{
;fdflhs lgod;Fu cGt/;DaGw u/fpg] cgf}krfl/s lzIff Ps csf]{ ;dfhlar x'g]
cGt/lqmof,pT;j tyf b}lgs lqmofsnfkx?;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 . ToxL ;dfh ;dfhdf
ePsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;f6;f6 ul/G5 . o;/L x]bf{ cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] cflbaf;L
hgtfsf rfnrng,k/Dk/f d"No / dfGotfnfO{ wfld{s k|lzIf0fsf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f
ub{5 . h:t} Mdb/;fn] wfld{s lzIffdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;sf] k|efj d'l:n /fi6«x?df
b]lvG5 . a'¢ lzIffsf] k|efj blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofdf kb{5 . o;k|sf/sf] lzIffn]
JolSt jf ;d'bfosf] lzNk ldl>t lzIffdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;} ;d'bfosf 1fg,l;k ,
d"No ,dfGotfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5 . ltg} k¢ltnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ ,;fdflhs
d"No / dfGotfnfO{ wfld{s kl/j]z;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,/fli6«o klxrfg sfod u/L gjLg
/fi6«sf] ?kdf z}lIfs k¢ltnfO{ sfod ug]{ ;+:s[ltnfO{ hu]{gf ug]{ sfd ub{5 .
-v_ b"/ lzIff
M b"/
lzIff eGgf;fy 6f9fsf] lzIff eGg] a'lemG5 . 6f9f jf b"/ eGgfn] oxfF b'u{d
:yfgx? eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 . ljleGg b]zsf] ef}uf]ns agfj6sf sf/0fn] clt b'u{d 7fpFx?
klg /x]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf b'u{d 7fpFx?df 3/—a;f]af; Hofb} kftnf] x'g] /
JolQmx?n] sl7g hljg latfpg' kg]{ cj:yf klg 5 . o:tf 7fpFx?df dflg;x?sf] a;f]af;
sd x'g] / ;'ljwf lbg gx'g] ePsfn] cf}krfl/s lzIff lbg g;lsg] ePsfn] cgf}krfl/s
lzIff lbg] ul/G5 . To:tf] ljBfno Joj:yf ug{ Hofb} vlr{nf] ;d]t x'g ;Qm5 lsgeg]
ef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf / ljifout bIf tyf tflndk|fKt lzIfssf] ;d]t cefj x'g ;S5
. To:tf b'u{d :yfgx? / ToxfF a;f]af; ul//x]sf ljz]if ;d"xx?sf nflu
s]Gb|af6} lgoGq0f ug]{ u/L lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] 6f9faf6 k|bfg
ul/g] lzIffnfO[ b"/ lzIff elgG5 . vf;u/L ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf ;fgf
s]6fs]6Lx?sf] nflu eGbf klg lbgel/ sfd u/L km';{bsf] ;dodf lzIff lng rfxg]
o'jfx?sf nflu b"/ lzIff lzIf0f k|efjsf/L dflgG5 . ef}uf]lns
b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfndf klg clt b'u{d 7fpFx? y'k|} /x]sf 5g\ . o;tf 7fpFdf a;f]af;
ug]{ JolQmx?n] lgDg:t/Lo hLjg latfO/xg' k/]sf] cj:yfdf klg of] lzIff k|efjsf/L
dflgPsf] 5 . o;af6 b'u{d 7fpFdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;d"xx?nfO{ lzlIft agfpg,
cfjZos 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug{, ;docg';f/sf ljljw hfgsf/lx? k|bfg ug{, /f]huf/L jf
Joj;fod"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ tyf b'u{d :yfgdf a;]sf ;d'x?sf] cfly{s ljsf;
u/fO{ /fli6«o pTkfbg tyf /fli6«o ljsf;df ;xefuL agfpg b"/ lzIff lzIf0fn]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 .
-u_ kqfrf/ lzIff M ;fdfGo cy{df eGg' kbf{ kqfrf/åf/f lbOg] lzIffnfO{
kqfrf/ lzIff elgG5 . cyf{t\ lglZrt p2]Zo jf tflnd k"/f ug{ kqsf dfWodåf/f
;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx? hDdf u/L tf]lsPsf ;Dk"0f{ ljlwx? k"/f u/]/
k|fKt ul/g] lzIffnfO{ kqfrf/ lzIff elgG5 .lglZrt p2]Zo tflnd k"/f u{ kqsf
dfWodåf/f ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx? hDdf u/L tf]lsPsf ;Dk"0f{ ljlwx? k"/f
u/]/ k|fKt ul/g] lzIffnfO{ kqfrf/ lzIff elgG5 . kqfrf/ dfWodnfO[ lzIff k|fKt
ug]{ Hofb} k|efjsf/L dfWod dflgG5 . kqfrf/ lzIff cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s lzIff
b'j} k|sf/sf] x'g;S5 . kqfrf/ lzIffnfO{ klg cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s b'O{
k|sf/df af8]/ ug]{ ul/G5 . cf}krfl/s eGgfn] lglZrt nIo, p2]Zo, kf7\oqmd,
kf7\ok':ts, lzIf0fljlw / k/LIff k|0ffnLdf /flvPsf] x'G5 . lzIf0f ;fdu|LnfO{
km';{bsf] ;dodf 3/d} cWoog ;DalGwt ljZjljBfnon] lbPsf] gLlt—lgb]{zgsf cfwf/df
cWoog k"/f u¥of} jf tx k"/f u¥of} eg] To;nfO{ cf}krfl/s dfWodsf]
kqfrf/ lzIff elgG5 . To;}u/L cgf}krfl/s eGgfn] xfdLn] s'g} s'/fsf] hfgsf/Lsf
nflu s;};Fu jf s'g} ;+3;+:yf;Fu kq Jojxf/ u/L 1fg jf ;Lk k|fKt u¥of} eg]
To;nfO{ cgf}krfl/s dfWodsf] kqfrf/ lzIff elgG5 . o;tf kqfrf/ lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff
v'nf ljZjljBfno k|0ffnLaf6 cfPsf] xf] . s'g} vf; p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu
sIffsf]7f / lzIfslagf g} :j—cWoogåf/f kqfrf/sf] dfWod k|of]u u/L lzIff k|fKt
ul/g] ljlwnfO{ kqfrf/ lzIff elgG5 .
-3_ /]l8of] lzIff
M /]l8of]
lzIffnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg ul/g] /fd|f] / k|efjsf/L dfWodsf ?kdf lng lsG5
. o;nfO{ sltko b]zdf cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;xfossf] ?kdf klg
k|of]u ul/G5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg @)#& ;fnb]lv lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu
/]l8of] lzIffsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:t} u/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?, ls;fg
sfo{qmdx?, jgjfl6sf sfo{qmdx? lgoldt ?kdf /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f u/L lglZrt lzIff
lbg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . /]l8of]af6 kf7\oj:t' k|;f/0f u/L / lzIff lbg'nfO[
/]l8of] lzIff elgG5 .
/]l8of]af6 lzIff
lbg lgDgfg';f/sf cj:yf ldnfpg' cfjZos x'G5 M
Ø lzIff k|bfg ul/g]
;d"xsf] cfjZostf / rfxgf,
Ø kf7\oqmdsf]
ljZjf;,
Ø k|;f/0f ;fdu|Lsf]
lgdf{0f,
Ø :j—cWoog
;fdu|Lx?sf] lgdf{0f / jt/0f
Ø l;sfO s]Gb|sf]
Joj:yfkg
o:tf lzIffsf nflu
lgDg kmfObfx? x'g ;S5g\ M
Ø 3/df a;La;L
km';{bsf ;dodf lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;lsg],
Ø ljleGg ljifo, 7fpF
/ kl/l:yltsf] hfgsf/L k\fKt ul/g],
Ø ;lhnf] / ;fgf]
?kaf6 lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;lsg],
-ª_ v'nf
ljZjljBfno M cf}krfl/s gLlt, lgod jf aGwgdf g/xL ;Lldt k"jf{wf/x?sf
cfwf/df / k"j{ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k"jf{u|x g/fvL ljZjljBfnoLo lzIff
k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ v'nf ljZjljBfno elgG5 . sfp8sf cg';f/ v'Nnf
ljZjljBfnosf af/]df v'Nnfkg dfgjLo clwsf/ xf] . v'Nnf ljZjljBfno cf}krfl/s
ljZjljBfnodf h:tf] k|j]zsf] lglZrt dfkb08 /flvPsf] x'Fb}g . of] lzIff lng rfxg]
;a}sf nflu v'nf ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ v'nf ljZjljBfno elgPsf] xf] . v'Nnf
ljZjljBfnodf cf}krfl/s ljZjljBfnodf h:tf] lzIfs / ljBfyL{x? cfˆgf x'g' kb}{g .
k|j]z k/LIff, sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf cf}krfl/s ljZjljBfnodf h:tf] x'Fb}g . o;
ljZjljBfnosf] wf/0ff ;a}eGbf klxn] a]nfotaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsaf6
g} la|l6z a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/]zg / lzIff tyf lj1fg ljefun] a]nfotsf k|f}9x?nfO{ lzlIft
t'Nofpg ;~rf/ dfWodx?sf] pkof]u ug{ yfln;s]sf lyP . o; v'Nnf ljZjljBfnosf]
:yfkgf ePs} s]xL jif{x?df g} a]nfotL xhf/f}F gful/sn] l8u|L k|fKt u/]sf],
xhf/f}F cWoog/t /x]sf] / xhf/f}Fsf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ dfu cem tLj| ePsf
hfgsf/Lx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ?kdf o; ljBfnosf] ;~rfng hfkfgdf
ePsf] / cGo b]zx? a]nfot, ef/t / >LnÍf nufot cGo b]zx?df ;d]t lzIffsf]
Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .
4. Historical Development on the Policy Issue
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# n] cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ hgtfsf] df}lns xssf ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o;}u/L ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a}sf nflu lzIff ;a} afnaflnsfnfO[ k|fylds lzIff
pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . -lzIff dGqfno, @))!_ g]kfnsf] lzIff P]g tyf
lgodfjnLn] klg j}slNks ljBfno lzIff sfo{qmdsf af/]df sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5
. lzIff P]g @)@* -;ftf}F ;+zf]wg_ sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf # df cgf}krfl/s
lzIffsf] ;~rfng tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L lzIff
lgodfjnL @)%( sf] kl/R5]b ( df lgod $* b]lv %% ;Dd klg cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;DaGwdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lgod %@ df j}slNks k|fylds lzIff ;DaGwdf æ( b]lv !$
jif{sf afnaflnsfnfO[ j}slNks k|fylds lzIff lbg ;lsg], ;f] sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng
cjlw ( dlxgf x'g]5 . To;}u/L j}slNks lzIff xfl;n u/]sf afnaflnsfx?n] cgf}krfl/s
lzIffsf cGo sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL x'g kfpg] / j}slNks k|fylds lzIff k"/f
u/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnon] :t/ x]/]/ pko'Qm sIffdf egf{ lng ;Sg]Æ egL pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . lzIff lgodfjnLsf] lgod %$ df lhNnf :t/df cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf]
/]vb]v, Joj:yfkg, ;dGjo / lg/LIf0f ug{sf nflu lhNnf tx tyf :yfgLo lgsfo / u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yf ;lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L !! ;b:oLo cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;ldlt u7g
ul/g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(() df cfONof08sf] hf]lD6gdf ;Dd]ngdf cfof]hgf
ul/Psf] ;a}sf nflu lzIff ;DaGwL ljZj 3f]if0ffkqdf g]kfnn] klg x:tfIf/ ul/Psf]n]
;a}nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg cfjZos eP klg of] sfd cf}krfl/s
lzIffsf] ;+/rgfn] dfq k"/f x'g ;Dej gePsf]n] ubf{ yk k|of;x? klg cfjZos
ePsf] 5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf nflu klg lzIffsf] /fli6«o gLltnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmd NofOPsf] kfOG5 . ;]g]unsf] 8sf/df ePsf] ;g\ @)!@
;Dddf ;a}nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] 8sf/ 3f]if0ffsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] 9fFrfdf g]kfnn] klg x:tfIf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; 9fFrfdf d'Vo ^ j6f
nIox?dWo]sf] bf];|f] nIo cg';f/ ;a} afnaflnsf vf;u/L aflnsfx?, sl7g kl/l:yltdf
/x]sf] afnaflnsf / cNk;ª\Vos ;d"xsf nflu :t/Lo, lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ k|fylds
lzIffdf kx'Fr a9fpg] / k|fylds tx k"/f ug]{ s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu
j}slNks sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/psf] 5 . ;a cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cj;/ gkfPsf
afnaflnsf tyf k|f}9x?sf nflu lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ j}slNks lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?
NofOPsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf j}slNks
lzIff sfo{qmd
Ø g]kfndf ;g\ !(*)
sf] bzsb]lv j}slNks lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . ;g\ !(*! b]lv
;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q cGtu{t kg]{ ;]tL c~rndf pQm If]qsf lzIffdf kl5
k/]sf ;d'bfosf ljBfno egf{ x'g g;s]sf jf egf{ eP/ klg lar}df ljBfno 5f8]sf %
b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf aflnsfx?sf nflu j}slNks ljBfno sfo{qmdsf ?kdf
r]nL lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] .
Ø PS;g P8 gfds
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] gf}nf] laxfg gfds b'O{ efusf kf7\ok':ts ;lxt afnlzIff sfo{qmd
;~rfngdf NofPsf] lyof] . k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgfn] lzIff ;bg k|yd / låtLo egL
(÷( dlxgfsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] .
Ø j}slNks lzIff
sfo{qmd cGtu{t k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/ sfo{qmd, cf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd /
cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljBfno cflb ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
Ø cgf}krfl/s lzIff
s]Gb|åf/f k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/ sfo{qmd / cgf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd
;~rfng ePsf] lyof] .
Ø o'lg;]kmsf]
;xof]udf gu/kflnsfx?df zx/L afn lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] eg] ljZj
g]kfnn] lszf]/L lzIff / hLjg lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf NofPsf] lyof] .
Ø jt{dfg ;dodf
ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] klg j}slNks ljBfno lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rng u/]sf] lyof] .
Ø @))* ;fn ljlwjt
?kdf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'v ePsf] xf] . lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf sn]h ckm Phs];gsf]
:yfkgf ePkl5 k|f}9 lzIff Ao'/f]sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . o; Ao'/f]n] # dlxg], ^
dlxg] / ( dlxg] k|f}9 lzIff Ao'/f]sf] :yfkgf u¥of] . o; Ao'/f]n] # dlxg] / %
dlxg] / ( dlxg] k|f}9 lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] .
Ø @)@* ;fn / @)$(
;fnsf lzIff sfo{qmdx?n] ;d]t j}slNks lzIff cGtu{t kg]{ cgf}krfl/s lzIffd fhf]8
lbPsf 5g\ . xfn lzIff dGqfnodf cg}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\;Dd u7g eO{ lhNnfdf
;/sf/L sfo{qmdsf ?kdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff rn]sf 5 .
(b) Current Policy Provision M lzIffsf]
kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf ;}4flGts cfwf/x? cGtu{t /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f?k @)^# n]
/fv]sf] j}slNks lzIffsf af/]df k|fjwfg M
Ø
j}slNks tyf v'nf lzIff gLlt cg'?k kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
;a}nfO{ lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ j}slNks lzIffsf ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] 5 . ljBfno lzIffnfO{
v'nf lzIff k|0ffnL dfkm{t Jofks ul/g]5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L :jl;sfO ;fdu|Lx? ljsf; ul/g] 5 . wfld{s / z}lIfs ;+:yfx?
-h:t} M u'?s'n, u'Daf, db/;f cflb_ nfO{ klg lzIffsf] d"n k|jfxdf NofOg] 5
. v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIff k4ltaf6 pQL0f{ k/LIffnfO{ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] ;dfg tx ;/x
dfGotf k|bfg x'g] gLlt cjnDag u/L Ps wf/af6 csf]{ wf/df hfg] :jtGqtf k|bfg
ul/g] 5 . v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIff cGtu{t cfwf/e"t tx tyf dfWolds txsf]
cGTodf lnOg] k/LIffsf nflu ;fwf/0f txs} k/LIff ;xefuL x'gkg]{ 5 . ljBfno lzIff
;Da4 kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|L -k"j{ k|fylds, cgf}krfl/s v'nf tyf j}slNks
lzIff_ ljsf; / :jLs[ltdf Psåf/ k4lt ckgfO{ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ljleGg
lgsfox?;Fu ;dGjo u/L ul/g] 5 . To:t} a'jf tyf k|f}9nfO{ pko'Qm d"Nofª\sg
k|lqmofaf6 /fli6«o lzIffsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg pko'Qm Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
/fli6«o kf7\oqmd
k|f?k @)^# sf] efu—$ cGtu{tsf] ljBfno lzIffsf ;Ifdtfx?, kf7\oqmd ;+/rgf /
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg Pjd\ cGo kf7\oqmd gLltx? M
v'nf tyf j}slNks
lzIff M ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ v'nf lzIff gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf
NofOg] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] lzIffnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/sf] Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 M
Ø cf}krfl/s ?kaf6
lzIff xfl;n u/]sf t/ k|dfl0fs x'g g;s]sf / cf}krfl/s lzIff -ljBfno lzIff_ df
;dfj]z x'g OR5's JolQmnfO{ pgLx?n] z}lIfs cj:yfsf] k|df0fLs/0f u/L lglb{i6
cf}krfl/s lzIffleqsf] sIffdf k|j]z ug{ kfOg] cj;/ v'nf ul/g]5 .
Ø ljljw sf/0faf6
z}lIfs cj;/ k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf ljBfno pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ v'nf
lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/L cf}krfl/s lzIff ;/xs} ljBfno lzIff lng kfpg] ;+:yfut ljSsf;
u/L sfo[qmdnfO{ of]hgfa4 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
Ø v'nf lzIffsf]
kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf ljsf; kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 x'g] 5 . o;sf] :jLs[lt
/fli6«o kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifb\af6 x'g] 5 .
Ø vnf lzIff k4lt
cg';f/ l;sfO ug]{ ljBfyL{x?n] ;fwf/0f lzIffsf tf]lsPsf tx / sIffsf cf}krfl/s
k/L cfdf ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ 5 .
Ø v'nf tyf j}slNks
lzIffsf nflu ;d]t ;fwf/0f wf/tkm{sf] kf7\oqmd ;+/rgf nfu" x'g]5 . o:tf]
lzIff ;~rfngsf nflu ljifout kf7\oqmdnfO{ lglb{i6 p2]Zo tyf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n
x'g] u/L ljBfyL{sf] pd]/ / k"j{ cg'ej ;d]t ;d]6L ;ª\s'rg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
o;/L ;dfof]lht kf7\oqmd cGtu{t cwoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x?n] d"n kf7\oqmdsf nflu
lgwf{l/t k/LIff k4ltcg';f/ g} k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ 5 / ;f]xL Joj:yfcg';f/
g} k|df0fLs/0f ul/g]5 .
lzIff lgodfjnL
@)%( sf] kl/R5]b—( sf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] pkkl/R5]b @@ df
j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;DaGwL Joj:yf
Ø ljBfnodf cWoog
gu/]sf jf cWoog u/L aLr}df 5f8]sf afnaflnsfsf] nflu ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmdsf]
cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] kf7\o;fdu|L k|of]u u/L j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{
;lsg]5 .
Ø j}slNks z}lIfs
sfo{qmd k"/f u/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnon] :t/ b]lv pko'Qm sIffdf egf{ lng
;Sg]5 .
Ø j}slNks z}lIfs
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ rfxg] ljBfnon] lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 cg'dlt lng' kg]{5 .
Issues
of Alternative Approaches to Education
Ø j}slNks lzIffsf]
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lglZrt k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 t <
Ø jt{dfg lzIffsf
;Dk"0f{ dfux?nfO{ j}slNks lzIffn] k"/f ug{ ;s]sf] 5 t <
Ø j}slNks lzIff
nlIft ju{sf] kx'Frdf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5 t <
Ø cf}krfl/s ljBfnodf
cWoog ug]{ afnaflnsfn] k|fKt ug]{ a/fa/sf] l;sfO pknlAw k|fKt u/fpg jf lzIff
k|bfg ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5 t <
Ø cfd dflg;n] lzIff
kbfg ug]{ ynf] ljBfnonfO{ dflgPsf] kl/j]zdf j}slNks lzIff k|0ffnLnfO[{ j}slNks lzIffn]
/fv]sf] p2]Zo cg'?k agfpg ;lsPsf]5 t <
Ø j}slNks lzIffaf6
lzIff xfl;n ul/Psf] ljBfyL{sf] cf}krfl/s lzIffdf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf
;'lglZrt u/fpg ;lsG5 ls <
lgisif{ M j}slNks lzIff
eGgfn] lzIffdf rln/x]sf] wf/0ffx?sf ljsNkdf gofF wf/0ffx?sf] lgdf{0f x'g'nfO{
j}slNks lzIffsf] wf/0ff elgG5 . of] j}slNks lzIff P]g b[li6sf]0f xf] . ljZjdf
j}slNks lzIffsf] ;'?jft !( cf}F ztfAbLdf ePsf] xf] (Raywid, 1999), ;g\ !(^) b]lv
!(&) ;Dd j}slNks lzIff ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf ?kdf ljsl;t eof] . o; cjlwdf
o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf Oefg Olnr, P P; g]On xf6{d6 ef]g, hf]g xN6, hf]gfyg sf]hf]n,
xa{6 sf]xn h:tf lzIff zf:qLx?n] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnon] |bfg ug]{ lzIff, lzIf0f l;sfO
lqmofsnfk / ljBfno lzIffn] l;sf?xdf k|bfg ug]{ d"No / dfGotfsf ljifodf
k|Zg p7fPkZrft\ lzIffdf j}slNks lrGtg ;'? eof] . pgLx?n] ljBfnon] afnaflnsfsf
nflu hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf] / cf}krfl/s ljBfnon] ;a}nfO{ lzIffsf]
kx'Fr k'¥ofpg g;s]sf]df lrGtf JoQm u/]sf lyP . ljBfnosf] sIffsf]7fdf lbOg]
lzIffsf] 7fpFdf ljBfno aflx/sf] lzIffsf] ljifodf lrGtg ug{ yflnof] / j}slNks
lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfof] -P]=P]=_ . Tolt dfq geP/ k/Dk/fut ?kaf6}
rNb} cfPsf] lzIff k4lt dfgjLo 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug{ c;Ifd aGof], lzIff lng' lbg'
eg]sf] hflu/ vfgdf dfq ;Lldt aGof], lzIffn] Goflos ;dfgtf, k|hftfGqLs/0f,
;fj{hlgsLs/0f, ljZjJofkL wf/0ff, ;a}sf nflu lzIff cflb k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf]n] ubf{
j}slNks lzIffsf] vf]hL ePsf] xf] . l;sf?nfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ lzIf0f l;sfO ul/g]
ePsfn] o;n] l;sf?nfO{ p;s} jl/kl/sf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t eP/ 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg
ub{5 (Aron, 2003) . o;n] l;sf?s}
kl/j]z / jftfj/0fsf ljifoj:t' k:sg] ePsfn] k|efjsf/L / o;sf] l;sfO
cy{k"0f{ x'g] ljZjf; ub{5' . o;}u/L g]kfndf klg j}slNks lzIffsf] z}lIfs
sfo{qmd ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{sf nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{ z}lIfs
sfo{qmd x'g ;Sb5 . o; sfo{qmdx?df dlxnf sfo[qmd, k|f}9 lzIff cflb h:tf y'k|}
sfo{qmdx? cfO;s]sf] 5 t/ klg o; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|ejsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ /
;do;fk]If agfpgsf nflu ljleGg kIfx?df klg ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
![Import-ants Mathematics , Science, English and Others Technology Sites :- [Websites, Apps, YouTube Channel and Others Links]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIcGdIgQTSy7Yg6oBV8z6o_YHZY9ips0LbXj7bT8Yqrj2iior-577V3QUPH1Ll74i1C5J5MPovzzCk63AkOUA2SW_6Uh4ANwBQwJC-AhlLMIwHhQj6udW4FH-zKDeEZIAFmRomrqUJJ8k/w100/)
 Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur. -Compulsory Subject [in Nepali ]){kind=link}
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